| |
| |
| |
Basic Principles of Two-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging | |
| |
| |
Fundamental Principles of 2-Dimensional Imaging | |
| |
| |
Properties of Sound Waves | |
| |
| |
The Wave Equation | |
| |
| |
Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissue | |
| |
| |
Image Production | |
| |
| |
Image Optimisation | |
| |
| |
Ultrasound Instrument Controls and Image Optimisation | |
| |
| |
Two-Dimensional Imaging Artifacts | |
| |
| |
Bioeffects and Safety | |
| |
| |
References and Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
The Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Examination | |
| |
| |
Acoustic Windows | |
| |
| |
Imaging Planes | |
| |
| |
Standard 2-D Images | |
| |
| |
Transducer Terminology | |
| |
| |
Image Orientation | |
| |
| |
The Parasternal Position | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Long Axis View of the Left Ventricle | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Long Axis View of the Right Ventricular Inflow Tract | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Long Axis View of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Short Axis Views | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Short Axis View of the Pulmonary Artery Bifurcation | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Short Axis View of the Aorta and the Left Atrium | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Short Axis View of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Short Axis View of the Left Ventricle - Mitral Valve Level | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Short Axis View of the Left Ventricle - Papillary Muscles Level | |
| |
| |
Parasternal Short Axis View of the Left Ventricle - Apical Level | |
| |
| |
The Apical Position | |
| |
| |
Apical Four Chamber View | |
| |
| |
Apical Five Chamber View | |
| |
| |
Apical Long Axis View | |
| |
| |
Apical Two Chamber View | |
| |
| |
The Subcostal Position | |
| |
| |
Subcostal Four Chamber View | |
| |
| |
Subcostal Short Axis Views | |
| |
| |
The Suprasternal Position | |
| |
| |
Suprasternal Long Axis View | |
| |
| |
Suprasternal Short Axis View | |
| |
| |
Additional Acoustic Windows | |
| |
| |
References and Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Principles of M-Mode Echocardiography | |
| |
| |
Basic Principles of M-Mode | |
| |
| |
Advantages of M-Mode Echocardiography | |
| |
| |
Disadvantages of M-Mode Echocardiography | |
| |
| |
References and Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
The M-Mode Examination of the Heart | |
| |
| |
M-Mode Examination of the Aorta, Aortic Valve and Left Atrium | |
| |
| |
M-Mode Examination of the Mitral Valve Leaflets | |
| |
| |
M-Mode Examination of the Left Ventricle | |
| |
| |
M-Mode Examination of the Tricuspid Valve | |
| |
| |
M-Mode Examination of the Pulmonary Valve | |
| |
| |
References and Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Principles of Spectral Doppler | |
| |
| |
Normal and Abnormal Blood Flow | |
| |
| |
The Doppler Principle | |
| |
| |
Pressure Determination | |
| |
| |
The Spectral Doppler Display | |
| |
| |
Doppler Modalities and Principles | |
| |
| |
Spectral Doppler Display of PW and CW Doppler | |
| |
| |
Spectral Doppler Controls and Optimisation of Spectral Doppler Signals | |
| |
| |
Spectral Doppler Artifacts | |
| |
| |
References and Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
The Spectral Doppler Examination | |
| |
| |
Doppler Examination of Mitral Valve Inflow | |
| |
| |
Doppler Examination of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract the Aorta | |
| |
| |
Doppler Examination of the Aorta | |
| |
| |
Doppler Examination of the Descending Aorta | |
| |
| |
Doppler Examination of Pulmonary Venous Flow | |
| |
| |
Doppler Examination of Tricuspid Valve Inflow | |
| |
| |
Doppler Examination of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and the Pulmonary Artery | |
| |
| |
Doppler Examination of the Hepatic Veins | |
| |
| |
Doppler Examination of the Superior Vena Cava | |
| |
| |
Doppler Tissue Imaging of the Mitral Annulus | |
| |
| |
References and Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Principles of Colour Flow Doppler Imaging | |
| |
| |
Colour Flow Doppler Principles | |
| |
| |
The Colour Doppler Display | |
| |
| |
Optimisation of Colour Flow Doppler Images | |
| |
| |
Colour Doppler Artifacts | |
| |
| |
References and Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
The Colour Flow Doppler Examination | |
| |
| |
Regurgitation in the Normal Population | |
| |
| |
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Left Atrial Inflow | |
| |
| |
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Left Ventricular Inflow | |
| |
| |
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Left Ventricular Outflow | |
| |
| |
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Aortic Flow | |
| |
| |
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Right Atrial Inflow | |
| |
| |
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Right Ventricular Inflow | |
| |
| |
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and the Pulmonary | |