| |
| |
| List of boxes | |
| |
| |
| Preface To The Second Edition | |
| |
| |
| Preface To The First Edition | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| Symbols And Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is Environmental Chemistry? | |
| |
| |
| |
| In The Beginning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Origin And Evolution Of The Earth | |
| |
| |
| Formation Of The Crust And Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| The Hydrosphere | |
| |
| |
| The Origin Of Life And Evolution Of The Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Effects On Biogeochemical Cycles? | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure Of This Book | |
| |
| |
| |
| WWW Keywords | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| WWW Search Keywords | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental Chemist's Toolbox | |
| |
| |
| |
| About This Chapter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order In The Elements? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bonding | |
| |
| |
| Covalent Bonds | |
| |
| |
| Ionic Bonding, Ions And Ionic Solids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using Chemical Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Describing Amounts Of Substances: The Mole | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concentration And Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic Molecules? | |
| |
| |
| Structure And Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Functional Groups | |
| |
| |
| Representing Organic Matter In Simple Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radioactivity Of Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Finding More Chemical Tools In This Book | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| WWW Search Keywords | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Composition Of The Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steady State Or Equilibrium? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Natural Sources.Geochemical Sources.Biological Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reactivity Of Trace Substances In The Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Urban Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| London Smog - Primary Pollution | |
| |
| |
| Los Angeles Smog - Secondary Pollution | |
| |
| |
| 21st Century Particulate Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Air Pollution And Health | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effects Of Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Removal Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemistry Of The Stratosphere | |
| |
| |
| Stratospheric Ozone Formation And Destruction | |
| |
| |
| Ozone Destruction By Halogenated Species | |
| |
| |
| Saving The Ozone Layer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| WWW Search Keywords | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Chemistry Of Continental Solids | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Terrestrial Environment, Crust And Material Cycling | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure Of Silicate Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Coordination Of Ions And The Radius Ratio Rule | |
| |
| |
| The Construction Of Silicate Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Structural Organisation In Silicate Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weathering Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms Of Chemical Weathering | |
| |
| |
| Dissolution | |
| |
| |
| Oxidation | |
| |
| |
| Acid Hydrolysis | |
| |
| |
| Weathering Of Complex Silicate Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clay Minerals | |
| |
| |
| One To One Clay Mineral Structure | |
| |
| |
| Two To One Clay Mineral Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formation Of Soils | |
| |
| |
| Parent (Bedrock) Material (P) | |
| |
| |
| Climate (Cl) | |
| |
| |
| Relief (R) | |
| |
| |
| Vegetation (V) | |
| |
| |
| Influence Of Organisms (O) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wider Controls On Soil And Clay Mineral Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ion Exchange And Soil Ph | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Structure And Classification | |
| |
| |
| Soils With Argillic Horizons | |
| |
| |
| Spodosols (Podzols) | |
| |
| |
| Soils With Gley Horizons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contaminated Land | |
| |
| |
| Organic Contaminants In Soils | |
| |
| |
| Degradation Of Organic Contaminants In Soils | |
| |
| |
| Remediation Of Contaminated Land | |
| |
| |
| Phytoremediation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| WWW Search Keywords | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Chemistry Of Continental Waters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Element Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water Chemistry And Weathering Regimes | |
| |
| |
| Alkalinity, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon And Ph Buffering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aluminium Solubility And Acidity | |
| |
| |
| Acidification From Atmospheric Inputs | |
| |
| |
| Acid Mine Drainage | |
| |
| |
| Recognising Acidification From Sulphate Data - Ternary Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Processes | |
| |
| |
| Nutrients And Eutrophication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heavy Metal Contamination | |
| |
| |
| Mercury Contamination From Gold Mining | |
| |
| |
| Contamination Of Groundwater | |
| |
| |
| Anthropogenic Contamination Of Groundwater | |
| |
| |
| Natural Arsenic Contamination Of Groundwater | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| WWW Search Keywords | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Oceans | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estuarine Processes | |
| |
| |
| Aggregation Of Colloidal Material In Estuaries | |
| |
| |
| Mixing Processes In Estuaries | |
| |
| |
| Halmyrolysis And Ion Exchange In Estuaries | |
| |
| |
| Microbiological Activity In Estuaries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Major Ion Chemistry Of Seawater | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Cycling Of Major Ions | |
| |
| |
| Sea-To-Air Fluxes | |
| |
| |
| Evaporites | |
| |
| |
| Cation Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Calcium Carbonate Format | |