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| Preface | |
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| Evolutionary Introduction | |
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| Introduction: Basic Approach and Principles | |
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| Why invertebrates? | |
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| Properties of living things | |
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| Origins of life | |
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| Levels of organismic organization | |
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| Prospects | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The Evolutionary History and Phylogeny of the Invertebrates | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The simplest animals | |
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| The bilaterally-symmetrical animals | |
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| Interrelationships of the superphyla | |
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| The origin, radiation and extinction of animal groups | |
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| Biodiversity | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The Invertebrate Phyla | |
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| Parallel Approaches to Animal Multicellularity | |
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| 'The Protozoa' | |
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| Superphylum Parazoa (sponges) | |
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| Superphylum Phagocytellozoa | |
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| Superphylum Radiata | |
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| Superphylum Mesozoa | |
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| Superphylum Bilateria | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The Worms | |
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| Phylum Nemertea (ribbon- or proboscis-worms) | |
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| Phylum Gnathostomula | |
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| Phylum Gastrotricha | |
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| Phylum Nematoda | |
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| Phylum Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) | |
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| Phylum Kinorhyncha | |
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| Phylum Loricifera | |
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| Phylum Priapula | |
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| Phylum Rotifera | |
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| Phylum Acanthocephala | |
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| Phylum Sipuncula | |
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| Phylum Echiura | |
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| Phylum Pogonophora | |
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| Phylum Annelida | |
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| Worms of uncertain phylum | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The Molluscs | |
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| Phylum Mollusca | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The Lophophorates | |
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| Phylum Phorona | |
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| Phylum Brachiopoda (lamp-shells) | |
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| Phylum Bryozoa | |
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| Phylum Entoprocta | |
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| Phylum Cycliophora | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The Deuterostomes | |
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| Phylum Chaetognatha (arrow-worms) | |
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| Phylum Hemichordata | |
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| Phylum Echinodermata | |
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| Phylum Chordata | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Invertebrates with Legs: the Arthropods and Similar Groups | |
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| Phylum Tardigrada (water bears) | |
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| Phylum Pentastoma (tongue-worms) | |
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| Phylum Onychophora | |
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| Phylum Chelicerata | |
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| Phylum Uniramia | |
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| Phylum Crustacea | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Invertebrate Functional Biology | |
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| Feeding | |
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| Introduction: the evolution of animal modes of feeding | |
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| Types of animal feeding: patterns of acquisition and processing | |
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| Costs and benefits of feeding: optimal foraging | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Mechanics and Movement (Locomotion) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The generation of forces by animal cells | |
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| Ciliary locomotion | |
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| Muscular activity and skeletal systems | |
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| Burrowing, creeping, crawling, walking and running: locomotion over and through a solid substrate | |
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| Swimming and flying | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Respiration | |
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| Central importance of ATP in respiration | |
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| Backbone of catabolism | |
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| Generating ATP without O[subscript 2] | |
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| Uptake of O[subscript 2] | |
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| Measuring metabolism | |
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| Factors influencing respiration | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Excretion, Ionic and Osmotic Regulation, and Buoyancy | |
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| Excretion | |
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| Osmotic and ionic regulation | |
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| Excretory systems | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Defence | |
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| Classification of threats | |
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| Defence | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Reproduction and Life Cycles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The significance of sexual and asexual reproduction | |
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| The organization of sexual reproduction and life histories: reproductive traits and functions | |
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| The control of reproductive processes | |
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| Reproduction and resource allocation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Development | |
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| Oogenesis: the storage of developmental information | |
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| Patterns of early development | |
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| Experimental embryology of invertebrates: the determination of cell fate | |
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| The developmental genetics of Drosophila melanogaster | |
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| Larval development and metamorphosis | |
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| Regeneration | |
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| Conclusion: invertebrate development and the genetic programme | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Control Systems | |
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| Potentials | |
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| Neurones and their connections | |
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| Organization of nervous systems | |
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| Receptors | |
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| Vision | |
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| Sensory processing | |
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| Spontaneity | |
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| Neural bases of behaviour | |
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| Organization of motor output | |
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| Chemical communication | |
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| Roles of endocrine systems | |
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| Applications | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Basic Principles Revisited | |
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| Basic physiological features of phenotypes | |
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| The primacy of replication and reproduction | |
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| Ontogeny | |
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| Ontogeny and phylogeny | |
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| Size and shape--scaling | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Illustration Sources | |
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| Index | |