| |
| |
| |
Statistics Success Stories and Cautionary Tales | |
| |
| |
What is Statistics? Seven Statistical Stories with Morals | |
| |
| |
| |
Who Are Those Speedy Drivers? | |
| |
| |
| |
Safety in the Skies | |
| |
| |
| |
Did Anyone Ask You Whom You've Been Dating? | |
| |
| |
| |
Who Are Those Angry Women? | |
| |
| |
| |
Does Prayer Lower Blood Pressure? | |
| |
| |
| |
Does Aspirin Reduce Heart Attack Rates? | |
| |
| |
| |
Does the Internet Increase Loneliness and Depression? The Common Elements of the Seven Stories | |
| |
| |
| |
Turning Data Into Information | |
| |
| |
Raw Data | |
| |
| |
Types of Variables | |
| |
| |
Summarizing One or Two Categorical Variables | |
| |
| |
Exploring Features of Quantitatve Data with Pictures | |
| |
| |
Numerical Summaries of Quantitative Variables | |
| |
| |
How to Handle Outliers | |
| |
| |
Features of Bell-Shaped Distributions | |
| |
| |
Skillbuilder Applet: The Empirical Rule in Action | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling: Surveys and How to Ask Questions | |
| |
| |
Collecting and Using Sample Data Wisely | |
| |
| |
Margin of Error, Confidence Intervals, and Sample Size | |
| |
| |
Choosing a Simple Random Sample | |
| |
| |
Other Sampling Methods | |
| |
| |
Difficulties and Disasters in Sampling | |
| |
| |
| |
The Infamous Literary Digest Poll of | |
| |
| |
1936 How to Ask Survey Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
No Opinion of Your Own? Let Politics Decide | |
| |
| |
Skillbuilder Applet: Random Sampling in Action | |
| |
| |
| |
Gathering Useful Data For Examining Relationships | |
| |
| |
Speaking the Language of Research Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Lead Exposure and Bad Teeth | |
| |
| |
Designing a Good Experiment | |
| |
| |
| |
Kids and Weight Lifting | |
| |
| |
| |
Quitting Smoking with Nicotine Patches | |
| |
| |
Designing a Good Observational Study | |
| |
| |
| |
Baldness and Heart Attacks | |
| |
| |
Difficulties and Disasters in Experiments and Observational Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Relationships Between Quantitative Variables | |
| |
| |
Looking For Patterns with Scatterplots | |
| |
| |
Describing Linear Patterns with a Regression Line | |
| |
| |
Measuring Strength and Direction with Correlation | |
| |
| |
Regression and Correlation Difficulties and Disasters | |
| |
| |
Correlation Does Not Prove Causation | |
| |
| |
Skillbuilder Applet: Exploring Correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
A Weighty Issue | |
| |
| |
| |
Relationships Between Categorical Variables | |
| |
| |
Displaying Relationships Between Categorical Variables | |
| |
| |
Risk, Relative Risks, and Misleading Statistics About Risk | |
| |
| |
| |
Is Smoking More Dangerous for Women? | |
| |
| |
The Effect of a Third Variable and Simpson's Paradox | |
| |
| |
Assessing the Statistical Significance of a 2 x 2 Table | |
| |
| |
| |
Drinking, Driving, and the Supreme Court | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability | |
| |
| |
Random Circumstances | |
| |
| |
| |
A Hypothetical Story--Alicia Has a Bad Day | |
| |
| |
Interpretations of Probability | |
| |
| |
Probability Definitions and Relationships | |
| |
| |
Basic Rules for Finding Probabilities | |
| |
| |
Strategies for Finding Complicated Probabilities | |
| |
| |
Using Simulation to Estimate Probabilities | |
| |
| |
Coincidences and Intuitive Judgments About Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
Doin' the iPod Shuffle | |
| |
| |
| |
Random Variables | |
| |
| |
What is a Random Variable? Discrete Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Expectations for Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Binomial Random Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
Does Caffeine Enhance the Taste of Cola? Continuous Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Normal Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Approximating Binomial Distribution Probabilities | |
| |
| |
Sums, Differences, and Combinations of Random Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
Understanding Sampling Distributions: Statistics as Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Parameters, Statistics, and Statistical Inference | |
| |
| |
From Curiosity to Questions About Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
An Overview of Sampling Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling Distribution for One Sample Proportion | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling Distribution for the Difference in Two Sample Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling Distribution for One Sample Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling Distribution for the Sample Mean of Paired Differences | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling Distribution for the Difference in Two Sample Means | |
| |
| |
Preparing for Statistical Inference: Standardized Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Standardized Statistics for Sampling Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Standardized Statistics for Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Standardized Statistics for Means | |
| |
| |
Generalizations Beyond the Big Five | |
| |
| |
Skillbuilder Applet: Finding the Pattern in Sample Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Do Americans Really Vote When They Say They Do? Table: Summary of Sampling Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimating Proportions With Confidence | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
An Overview of Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
| |
Understanding Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
| |
Computing Confidence Intervals for the Five Scenarios | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion | |
| |
| |
| |
Details of How to Compute a Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion | |
| |
| |
| |
Understanding the Formula | |
| |
| |
| |
Reconciling Margin of Error and 95% Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Intervals for the Difference in Two Population Proportions | |
| |
| |
Using Confidence Intervals to Guide Decisions | |
| |
| |
| |
Extrasensory Perception Works With Movies | |
| |
| |
| |
Nicotine Patches Versus Zyban | |
| |
| |
| |
What a Great Personality | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimating Means With Confidence | |
| |
| |
Introduction to Confidence Intervals for Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
Finding a Confidence Interval for a Mean For Any Sample Size and Any Confidence Level | |
| |
| |
| |
Special Case: Approximate 95% Confidence Intervals for Large Samples | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for the Population Mean of Paired Differences | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for the Difference in Two Population Means | |
| |
| |
| |
The General (Unpooled) Case | |
| |
| |
| |
The Equal Variance Assumption and the Pooled Standard Error | |
| |
| |
Understanding Any Confidence Interval | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for Relative Risk: Case Study 4.4 Revisited | |
| |
| |
| |
Premenstrual Syndrome? Try Calcium | |
| |
| |
Skillbuilder Applet: The Confidence Level in Action | |
| |
| |
Table: Summary of Confidence Interval Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses About Proportions | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
An Overview of Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
Formulating Hypothesis Statements | |
| |
| |
| |
The Logic and Details of Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
What Can Go Wrong: The Two Types of Errors and Their Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses about a Population Proportion | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses about the Difference in Two Population Proportions | |
| |
| |
Sample Size, Statistical Significance and Practical Importance | |
| |
| |
| |
The Internet and Loneliness: Case Study 1.7 Revisited | |
| |
| |
| |
An Interpretation of a p-Value Not Fit to Print | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses About Means | |
| |
| |
Introduction to Hypothesis Tests for Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses about One Population Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses about the Population Mean of Paired Differences | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses about the Difference in Two Population Means | |
| |
| |
| |
The General (Unpooled) Case | |
| |
| |
| |
The Pooled Two-Sample t-Test | |
| |
| |
The Relationship Between Significance Tests and Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
Choosing an Appropriate Inference Procedure | |
| |
| |
Effect Size | |
| |
| |
Evaluating Significance in Research Reports | |
| |
| |
Table: Summary of Hypothesis Testing Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
Inference About Simple Regression | |
| |
| |
Sample and Population Regression Models | |
| |
| |
Estimating the Standard Deviation for Regression | |
| |
| |
Inference About the Linear Regression Relationship | |
| |
| |
Predicting y and Estimating Mean y at a Specific X | |
| |
| |
Checking Conditions for Using Regression Models for Inference | |
| |
| |
| |
A Contested Election | |
| |
| |
| |
More Inference About Categorical Variables | |
| |
| |
The Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables | |
| |
| |
Analyzing 2 x 2 Tables | |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses About One Categorical Variable: Goodness of Fit | |
| |
| |
| |
Do You Mind if I Eat the Blue Ones? | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis Of Variance | |
| |
| |
Comparing Means with an ANOVA F-test | |
| |
| |
Details of One-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
Other Methods for Comparing Populations | |
| |
| |
Two-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Turning Information Into Wisdom | |
| |
| |
Beyond the Data | |
| |
| |
Transforming Uncertainty Into Wisdom | |
| |
| |
Making Personal Decisions | |
| |
| |
Control of Societal Risks | |
| |
| |
Understanding Our World | |
| |
| |
Getting to Know You | |
| |
| |
Words to the Wise | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Appendix of Tables | |
| |
| |
Answers to Selected Exercises | |
| |
| |
Index | |
| |
| |
Supplemental Topics (Appear On The Student Suite Cd-Rom Only) | |
| |
| |
| |
Additional Discrete Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Hypergeometric Distribution | |
| |
| |
Poisson Distribution | |
| |
| |
Multinomial Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Nonparametric Tests Of Hypotheses | |
| |
| |
The Sign Test | |
| |
| |
The Two-Sample Rank-Sum Test | |
| |
| |
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | |
| |
| |
The Kruskal-Wallis Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Regression | |
| |
| |
The Multiple Linear Regression Model | |
| |
| |
Inference About Multiple Regression Models | |
| |
| |
Checking Conditions for Multiple Linear Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Two-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
Assumptions and Models for Two-Way ANOVA | |
| |
| |
Testing for Main Effects and Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Ethics | |
| |
| |
Ethical Treatment of Human and Animal Participants | |
| |
| |
Assurance of Quality Data | |
| |
| |
Appropriate Statistical Analysis | |
| |
| |
Fair Reporting of Results | |
| |
| |
Case Study S5.1: Science Fair Project or Fair Science Project. | |