To the Instructor | p. xxi |
To the Student | p. xxix |
Getting Ready to Learn | p. 1 |
Characteristics of Successful Students | p. 2 |
Becoming an Active Learner | p. 3 |
Becoming a Strategic Learner | p. 3 |
Using Learning Styles to Enhance Performance | p. 6 |
What Are Learning Styles? | p. 6 |
Characteristics of Learning Modalities | p. 6 |
Why Your Learning Style Is Important | p. 12 |
Getting Motivated to Learn | p. 13 |
Factors That Influence Motivation | p. 13 |
Strategies to Increase Motivation | p. 14 |
Getting Your Money's Worth | p. 15 |
Why Are You in College? | p. 16 |
Making the Transition to Learn | p. 16 |
Balancing School, Home, and Work Responsibilities | p. 17 |
Accepting New Responsibilities | p. 17 |
Managing Stress | p. 18 |
Decision Making and Problem Solving | p. 20 |
TIPS for Making the Transition to College | p. 21 |
Making the Most of Your College Resources | p. 22 |
Getting to Know the Turf | p. 22 |
Student Support Services | p. 23 |
Your College Library | p. 23 |
Your Professors | p. 24 |
Your College Advisor | p. 24 |
Summary | p. 25 |
Activities | p. 25 |
Review Questions | p. 27 |
Goal Setting | p. 29 |
What Are Goals? | p. 30 |
Characteristics of Goals | p. 31 |
Long- and Short-Term Goals | p. 33 |
Academic and Personal Goals | p. 33 |
Goal Setting Improves Performance | p. 34 |
Writing Effective Goal Statements | p. 34 |
Use the Five-Step Approach | p. 34 |
Develop an Action Plan | p. 36 |
Setting Goals for the New Semester | p. 37 |
Set Priorities for the First Three Weeks | p. 38 |
Plan for Early Success | p. 38 |
Plan Rewards | p. 38 |
Ten Tips to Get Off to the Right Start This Semester | p. 39 |
Consider Consequences | p. 40 |
Revise Your Goals Periodically | p. 40 |
Summary | p. 41 |
Activities | p. 41 |
Review Questions | p. 43 |
Time Management | p. 45 |
Analyze Your Use of Time | p. 47 |
Why Is Time Management Important? | p. 47 |
How Do You Manage Your Time Now? | p. 48 |
Identify Time Available for Study | p. 48 |
Identify Time Needed for Study | p. 52 |
Establish a New Time Plan | p. 53 |
Organize Your Study Time | p. 54 |
Create a Semester Calendar | p. 54 |
Prepare Weekly Task Lists | p. 56 |
Use Daily "To Do" Lists | p. 57 |
Set Up Your Study Schedule | p. 59 |
Work Ahead | p. 60 |
Use Time-Management Strategies to Stay Motivated | p. 61 |
Study in One-Hour Blocks | p. 61 |
Take Breaks | p. 61 |
Time Management TIPS for Nontraditional Students | p. 62 |
Tackle Difficult Assignments First | p. 62 |
Switch Subjects | p. 63 |
Plan Rewards | p. 63 |
Reevaluate Your Time Plan | p. 63 |
Coping with Procrastination | p. 64 |
Main Causes of Procrastination | p. 64 |
Other Reasons Why Students Procrastinate | p. 65 |
Strategies for Overcoming Procrastination | p. 66 |
Summary | p. 68 |
Activities | p. 69 |
Review Questions | p. 70 |
Improving Concentration | p. 73 |
What Is Concentration? | p. 75 |
The Three Levels of Concentration | p. 75 |
The Concentration Cycle | p. 77 |
Causes of Poor Concentration | p. 78 |
Concentration Problems During Lecture Classes | p. 79 |
Concentration Problems When Your Read Your Text | p. 80 |
Concentration Problems When You Study for Exams | p. 81 |
Strategies for Improving Concentration | p. 81 |
Create a Positive Learning Environment | p. 82 |
Deal with Internal Distractions | p. 83 |
Ten Tips for Setting Up a Good Study Environment | p. 84 |
Use Active Learning Strategies | p. 85 |
Match Your Learning Style to the Task | p. 87 |
Monitor Your Concentration | p. 87 |
Benefits of Improved Concentration | p. 88 |
Summary | p. 88 |
Activities | p. 89 |
Review Questions | p. 91 |
Taking Lecture Notes | p. 93 |
Why Take Lecture Notes? | p. 95 |
How to Take Lecture Notes | p. 96 |
Prepare Before Taking Notes | p. 96 |
Become an Active Listener | p. 97 |
Use an Effective Note-Taking System | p. 98 |
What to Include in Your Notes | p. 104 |
Headings | p. 105 |
Details | p. 105 |
Additional Strategies for Taking Lecture Notes | p. 106 |
Discussion Classes | p. 107 |
Math and Science Classes | p. 107 |
How to Edit Your Notes | p. 108 |
Fill in the Gaps | p. 108 |
Check for Accuracy | p. 108 |
Clarify Meaning | p. 109 |
Rewrite to Improve Organization | p. 109 |
Develop a Recall Column | p. 110 |
How to Review Your Notes | p. 113 |
When and Why You Should Review | p. 113 |
How You Should Review | p. 114 |
Summary | p. 114 |
Activities | p. 115 |
Review Questions | p. 117 |
Reading Your Textbook | p. 119 |
General Strategies for Reading College Texts | p. 121 |
Buy Your Textbooks Early | p. 121 |
TIPS for Reading College Textbooks | p. 122 |
Preview Your Textbooks | p. 123 |
Read the Chapter Before the Lecture | p. 123 |
Read Ten Pages at a Time | p. 123 |
Monitor Your Comprehension | p. 124 |
Become a Critical Reader | p. 124 |
What Is Critical Reading? | p. 125 |
Understanding Critical Reading Skills | p. 125 |
Use a Text Reading/Study System | p. 127 |
The P2R Reading/Study System | p. 128 |
The SQ3R Reading/Study System | p. 129 |
The S-RUN-R Reading/Study System | p. 132 |
Summary | p. 133 |
Activities | p. 134 |
Review Questions | p. 136 |
Marking Your Textbook | p. 137 |
Why Should You Mark Your Text? | p. 139 |
How Should You Mark Your Text? | p. 139 |
Highlight | p. 140 |
Underline | p. 140 |
Make Marginal Notes | p. 141 |
Avoid Complex Marking Systems | p. 142 |
What Should You Mark? | p. 143 |
Mark Headings | p. 144 |
Mark Main Ideas | p. 144 |
Focus on Supporting Details | p. 145 |
How Much Should You Mark? | p. 145 |
How to Review Your Text Marking | p. 147 |
Re-Mark Your Text | p. 147 |
TIPS for Marking Your Text | p. 148 |
Take Notes on Your Marking | p. 149 |
How to Evaluate Your Text Marking | p. 150 |
Be Sure Your Marking Makes Sense | p. 150 |
Get Feedback on Your Marking | p. 150 |
Test Your Marking After an Exam | p. 151 |
Summary | p. 151 |
Activities | p. 152 |
Review Questions | p. 153 |
Taking Text Notes | p. 155 |
Why Should You Take Text Notes? | p. 157 |
Note Taking Promotes Active Reading | p. 157 |
Note Taking Condenses the Material | p. 158 |
When Should You Take Text Notes? | p. 158 |
When You First Read the Chapter | p. 158 |
After the Lecture | p. 159 |
At the End of the Week | p. 159 |
When You Prepare for the Exam | p. 159 |
How Should You Take Text Notes? | p. 160 |
Written Notes | p. 160 |
Mapping | p. 164 |
Charting | p. 167 |
TIPS for Taking Text Notes | p. 171 |
How Should You Review Your Text Notes? | p. 172 |
Recite Your Notes | p. 172 |
Replicate Your Notes | p. 172 |
Create a Recall Column | p. 172 |
How Should You Evaluate Your Text Notes? | p. 174 |
Summary | p. 174 |
Activities | p. 175 |
Review Questions | p. 176 |
Preparing for Exams | p. 179 |
Gather Information Before You Study | p. 181 |
Learn About the Exam | p. 181 |
Levels of Questions | p. 181 |
Learn About Yourself | p. 182 |
Use the Five-Day Study Plan | p. 183 |
Space Your Study | p. 183 |
Divide the Material | p. 185 |
Study the Oldest Material First | p. 185 |
Plan Active Study Tasks | p. 186 |
Monitor Your Learning | p. 189 |
Use Active Study Strategies | p. 190 |
Reread and Re-Mark Your Text and Notes | p. 190 |
Prepare Word Cards | p. 192 |
Make Question Cards | p. 194 |
Create Study Sheets | p. 197 |
Make Self-Tests | p. 199 |
Use Recitation Strategies | p. 200 |
More Active Study Strategies | p. 201 |
Study in a Group | p. 202 |
Evaluate Your Preparation | p. 202 |
Evaluate as You Prepare | p. 203 |
Evaluate After You Complete Your Plan | p. 203 |
Evaluate After the Exam | p. 203 |
Summary | p. 204 |
Activities | p. 204 |
Review Questions | p. 206 |
Improving Memory | p. 209 |
Understanding Memory Processes | p. 211 |
Information Processing Model | p. 211 |
Retrieval and Forgetting | p. 214 |
Why You Need Memory Strategies | p. 215 |
General Memory Strategies | p. 216 |
Spaced Practice | p. 216 |
Breaking Down Tasks | p. 217 |
Repetition | p. 217 |
Overlearning | p. 218 |
Specific Memory Strategies | p. 218 |
Rehearsal Strategies | p. 218 |
Elaboration Strategies | p. 219 |
More TIPS for Improving Your Memory | p. 222 |
Organizational Strategies | p. 224 |
Comprehension Monitoring Strategies | p. 227 |
Affective and Motivational Strategies | p. 228 |
Summary | p. 229 |
Activities | p. 230 |
Review Questions | p. 231 |
Taking Objective Tests | p. 233 |
Reduce Test Anxiety | p. 235 |
What Is Test Anxiety? | p. 235 |
What Causes Test Anxiety? | p. 236 |
Is Test Anxiety Normal? | p. 236 |
Coping with Test Anxiety | p. 238 |
Don't Let Test Anxiety Become an Excuse | p. 240 |
General Test-Taking Strategies | p. 240 |
Prepare Well | p. 241 |
Follow Directions | p. 241 |
Budget Your Time | p. 241 |
Answer the Easiest Questions First | p. 242 |
Specific Test-Taking Strategies | p. 243 |
Strategies for Matching Tests | p. 244 |
Strategies for True/False Tests | p. 245 |
Strategies for Multiple-Choice Tests | p. 246 |
Guessing Strategies | p. 248 |
Look for Patterns | p. 249 |
Check for Balanced Answer Keys | p. 249 |
Guessing Doesn't Replace Proper Preparation | p. 249 |
Learning from Exams | p. 249 |
End-of-Exam Strategies | p. 250 |
Evaluate Your Preparation | p. 251 |
Learn from Your Mistakes | p. 251 |
Get Help Before the Next Exam | p. 251 |
Summary | p. 252 |
Activities | p. 253 |
Review Questions | p. 254 |
Preparing for Essay Tests | p. 257 |
Predict Questions | p. 259 |
Predict Extra Questions | p. 259 |
Predict the Right Kinds of Questions | p. 260 |
Predict Challenging Questions | p. 260 |
Gather Information | p. 262 |
Treat Each Question Separately | p. 262 |
Organize Information | p. 263 |
Label Each Point | p. 264 |
Outline Your Answer | p. 264 |
Learn the Information | p. 267 |
Identify and Learn Key Points | p. 267 |
Use Mnemonic Devices | p. 267 |
Write Out the Answer | p. 267 |
Why You Should Write Out Your Answer | p. 268 |
Practice Using Your Outline | p. 268 |
Write Out the Most Difficult Questions | p. 268 |
Prepare All Sample Questions | p. 269 |
TIPS for Preparing for Essay Tests | p. 270 |
Summary | p. 271 |
Activities | p. 272 |
Review Questions | p. 273 |
Taking Essay Tests | p. 275 |
How to Take an Essay Test | p. 277 |
Read the Directions Carefully | p. 277 |
Plan Before You Write | p. 278 |
Write Your Answer | p. 281 |
Factors That Influence Your Grade | p. 286 |
Content | p. 286 |
Organization | p. 286 |
TIPS for Taking Essay Tests | p. 287 |
Format | p. 288 |
Mechanics | p. 288 |
Neatness | p. 289 |
Strategies for Gaining More Points | p. 289 |
Use the Exam as a Resource | p. 289 |
Always Write Something | p. 290 |
Leave Extra Space | p. 290 |
What If You Run Out of Time? | p. 291 |
Learning from Exams | p. 291 |
What Can You Learn? | p. 291 |
How Can You Evaluate Your Answer? | p. 292 |
Rewrite Your Answers for Comparison | p. 292 |
Summary | p. 293 |
Activities | p. 294 |
Review Questions | p. 295 |
Preparing for Final Exams | p. 297 |
What Are Final Exams? | p. 299 |
How Should You Prepare? | p. 299 |
Manage Your Time Efficiently | p. 299 |
Make Academics Your Top Priority | p. 300 |
Set Priorities for Exams | p. 301 |
Attend All Classes | p. 303 |
Reduce Test Anxiety | p. 303 |
Preparation Strategies | p. 304 |
Make a Final-Exam Schedule | p. 304 |
Set Up a Study Schedule | p. 305 |
Prepare for Comprehensive Finals | p. 307 |
Use Active Study Strategies | p. 311 |
Stay Motivated | p. 311 |
TIPS for Preparing for Final Exams | p. 312 |
Put Forth Your Best Effort on Each Exam | p. 313 |
Monitor Your Progress | p. 313 |
Summary | p. 313 |
Activities | p. 314 |
Review Questions | p. 315 |
Communicating on Paper, Orally, and on the Internet | p. 317 |
Communicating on Paper | p. 319 |
Writing Is a Process | p. 319 |
Getting Started | p. 320 |
Brainstorm | p. 321 |
Get Focused | p. 322 |
Getting Organized | p. 323 |
List and Select Ideas | p. 323 |
Develop a Tentative Thesis | p. 323 |
Outline Your Paper | p. 324 |
Drafting Your Paper | p. 325 |
The Introduction | p. 325 |
The Body Paragraphs | p. 325 |
The Conclusion | p. 326 |
Revising Your Paper | p. 327 |
Revise as You Plan | p. 327 |
Revise After Your Paper Is Returned | p. 327 |
Evaluating Your Paper | p. 328 |
Compare Your Paper with Previous Papers | p. 328 |
Discuss Your Paper with Your Professor | p. 328 |
Communicating Orally | p. 329 |
Preparing a Speech | p. 329 |
Choose the Topic | p. 329 |
Research the Topic | p. 331 |
Organize the Information | p. 332 |
Prepare Your Speaking Aids | p. 333 |
Practice the Speech | p. 334 |
Delivering a Speech | p. 335 |
Prepare Yourself to Speak | p. 335 |
Use Good Delivery Techniques | p. 335 |
Evaluating a Speech | p. 336 |
Communicating on the Internet | p. 337 |
What Is the Internet? | p. 337 |
Getting Connected | p. 337 |
Finding Information on the Internet | p. 338 |
Browsing for Information | p. 338 |
Searching for Information | p. 338 |
Narrowing Your Search | p. 341 |
Doing Library Research On-line | p. 341 |
TIPS for Communicating on the Internet | p. 342 |
Summary | p. 343 |
Activities | p. 344 |
Review Questions | p. 345 |
Index | p. 347 |
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