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| Introduction | |
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| Inductive Statements | |
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| Statistical Reasoning | |
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| Rational Decision Making | |
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| A Classic Example: Pygmalion in the Classroom | |
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| Samples from Populations | |
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| Probability | |
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| A Note to the Student | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 1 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 1A: Introduction to Statistics | |
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| Lectlet 1B: Basic Concepts | |
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| Resource 1A: Probability Is a Measure of Uncertainty | |
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| Algebra: Review | |
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| QuizMaster 1A | |
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| Variables and Their Measurement | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| Continuous and Discrete Variables | |
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| Real Limits | |
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| Significant Figures | |
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| Rounding | |
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| Summation | |
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| Notation | |
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| Computations | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 2 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 2A: Variables and Their Measurement | |
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| Resource 2X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| Algebra: Summation | |
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| QuizMaster 2A | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Distributions as Tables | |
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| Distributions as Graphs | |
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| Histogram | |
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| Frequency Polygon | |
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| Eyeball-estimation | |
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| The Shape of Distributions | |
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| Describing Distributions | |
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| The Normal Distribution | |
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| Eyeball-calibration | |
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| Bar Graphs of Nominal and Ordinal Variables | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 3 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 3A: Summary Distributions as Tables | |
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| Lectlet 3B: Summary Distributions as Graphs | |
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| Resource 3A: Stem and Leaf Displays | |
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| Resource 3X: Additional Exercises | |
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| QuizMaster 3A | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Mode | |
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| Eyeball-estimating the Mode | |
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| Determining the Mode | |
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| Median | |
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| Eyeball-estimating the Median | |
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| Computing the Median | |
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| Mean | |
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| Eyeball-estimating the Mean | |
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| Computing the Sample Mean | |
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| Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean | |
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| Computing the Population Mean | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 4 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 4A: Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Lectlet 4B: Computing and Eyeball-estimating the Mean | |
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| Resource 4A: The Linear Method for Computing the Median | |
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| Resource 4B: Computing the Mean from a Frequency Distribution | |
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| Resource 4X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT meanest: Eyeball-estimating the Mean from a Histogram | |
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| ESTAT meannum: Eyeball-estimating the Mean from a Table | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 4A | |
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| Measures of Variation | |
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| Range | |
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| Standard Deviation | |
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| Mean Squared Deviation Formulas | |
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| Inflection Points of Normal Distributions | |
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| Eyeball-estimation | |
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| Computing the Standard Deviation | |
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| Variance | |
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| Eyeball-calibration for Distributions | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 5 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 5A: Measures of Variation | |
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| Lectlet 5B: Computing and Eyeball-estimating the Standard Deviation | |
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| Resource 5A: The Mean Deviation and the Average Absolute Deviation | |
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| Resource 5B: Computational Formulas for the Standard Deviation and Variance | |
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| Resource 5C: Computing the Standard Deviation from a Frequency Distribution | |
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| Resource 5X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT sdest: Eyeball-estimating the Standard Deviation from a Histogram | |
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| ESTAT sdnum: Eyeball-estimating the Standard Deviation from a Table | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 5A | |
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| Using Frequency Distributions | |
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| Points in Distributions | |
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| Percentiles and Percentile Rank | |
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| Standard Scores (z Scores) | |
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| Areas Under Distributions | |
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| Using Areas Under Distributions | |
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| Areas Under Normal Distributions | |
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| Eyeball-estimation | |
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| Eyeball-calibration | |
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| Calculating Areas | |
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| Other Standardized Distributions Based on z Scores | |
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| Relative Frequencies of Real-World Normal Variables | |
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| Percentiles and Percentile Rank in Normal Distributions | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 6 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 6A: Areas Under Distributions | |
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| Lectlet 6B: Areas Under Normal Distributions | |
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| Resource 6A: Interpolation | |
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| Resource 6B: Equation of the Normal Distribution | |
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| Resource 6X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT normal: Eyeball-estimating Areas Under the Normal Distribution | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 6A | |
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| Samples and the Sampling Distribution of the Means | |
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| Random Samples | |
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| Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Samples from Populations | |
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| The Sampling Distribution of the Means | |
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| The Central Limit Theorem | |
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| Factors That Affect the Magnitude of [sigma subscript x]: n and [sigma] | |
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| Using the Sampling Distribution of the Means | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 7 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 7A: Samples from Populations and the Distribution of Means | |
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| Lectlet 7B: The Central Limit Theorem | |
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| Lectlet 7C: The Standard Error of the Mean | |
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| Resource 7X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT mdist: Tutorial-The Distribution of Means and How n Affects It | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 7A | |
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| Parameter Estimation | |
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| Point-estimation | |
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| Distribution of Sample Means | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| When [sigma] Is Known | |
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| Changing the Level of Confidence | |
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| When [sigma] Is Unknown | |
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| Opinion Polls | |
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| Four Factors That Affect the Width of a Confidence Interval | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 8 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 8A: Confidence Intervals | |
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| Lectlet 8B: Computing Confidence Intervals | |
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| Lectlet 8C: Confidence Intervals II | |
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| Resource 8A: Unbiased Estimators and the Denominator of the Standard Deviation | |
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| Resource 8B: Degrees of Freedom in the Computation of a Standard Deviation or Variance | |
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| Resource 8C: Opinion Polls: Using the Confidence Interval for a Proportion | |
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| Resource 8X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT confide: Eyeball-estimating Confidence Intervals | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 8A | |
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| Evaluating Hypotheses | |
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| Descriptive Versus Inferential Statistics | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Inferential Statistics | |
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| Evaluating Hypotheses | |
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| Null and Alternative Hypotheses | |
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| Directional (One-tailed) and Nondirectional (Two-tailed) Hypotheses | |
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| Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Level of Significance ([alpha]) | |
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| Statistical Power | |
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| The Courtroom Analogy | |
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| Practical Significance | |
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| The Procedure for Evaluating Hypotheses | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Computers | |
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| Journals | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 9 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 9A: Inferential Statistics | |
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| Lectlet 9B: The Procedure for Evaluating Hypotheses | |
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| Resource 9A: Why Statistical Significance Testing Alone Is Not Enough | |
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| QuizMaster 9A | |
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| Inferences About Means of Single Samples | |
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| Evaluating Hypotheses About Means | |
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| When [sigma] Is Known | |
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| A Directional (One-tailed) Example | |
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| Practical Significance: Effect Size | |
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| When [sigma] Is Unknown | |
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| The Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals | |
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| Statistical Significance is Not Necessarily Practical Significance | |
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| One-sample + Test Eyeball-calibration | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 10 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 10A: Inferences About Means of Single Samples: Illustrating the Null Hypothesis | |
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| Lectlet 10B: Inferences About Means of Single Samples: Completing the Evaluation | |
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| Lectlet 10C: Inferences About Means of Single Samples: When the Test is Directional or [sigma] is Unknown | |
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| Resource 10A: Eyeball-estimating One-sample + Tests | |
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| Resource 10X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT ttest 1: Eyeball-estimating One-sample + Tests | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 10A | |
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| Inferences About Means of Two Independent Samples | |
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| Hypotheses with Two Independent Samples | |
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| Dependent and Independent Variables | |
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| The Null Hypothesis | |
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| Experimental Outcomes | |
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| The Test Statistic | |
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| Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means | |
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| Pooled Variance | |
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| Interpreting the Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means | |
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| Evaluating Hypotheses About Means of Two Independent Samples | |
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| Procedure | |
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| A Directional (One-tailed) Example | |
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| Practical Significance Versus Statistical Significance Revisited | |
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| Two-sample + Test Eyeball-calibration | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 11 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 11A: Hypothesis Evaluation with Two Independent Samples: The Test Statistic | |
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| Lectlet 11B: Hypothesis Evaluation with Two Independent Samples: The Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means | |
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| Lectlet 11C: Hypothesis Evaluation with Two Independent Samples: Completing the Analysis | |
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| Resource 11A: Eyeball-estimating Two-independent-samples + Tests | |
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| Resource 11X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT diffm: Tutorial-The Distribution of Differences Between Means | |
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| ESTA ttest2: Eyeball-estimating Two-independent-samples + Tests | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 11A | |
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| Inferences About Means of Two Dependent Samples | |
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| Dependent-sample Tests | |
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| Evaluating Hypotheses About Means of Two Dependent Samples | |
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| An Example | |
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| Null Hypothesis | |
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| Test Statistic | |
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| Evaluating the Hypothesis | |
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| Comparing Dependent-and Independent-sample + Tests | |
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| Dependent-sample + Test Eyeball-calibration | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 12 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 12A: Inferences About Two Dependent Samples | |
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| Resource 12A: Eyeball-estimating Dependent-sample + Tests | |
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| Resource 12X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 12A | |
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| Statistical Power | |
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| Statistical Power | |
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| An Example | |
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| Illustrating Power | |
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| Factors That Increase Power | |
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| Increasing the Sample Size Increases Power | |
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| Increasing the Raw Effect Size Increases Power | |
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| Decreasing [sigma] Increases Power | |
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| Increasing [alpha] Increases Power | |
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| Changing from a Nondirectional to a Directional Test Increases Power | |
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| Using Power to Determine Sample Size | |
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| An Example | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 13 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 13A: Statistical Power | |
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| Lectlet 13B: Consequences of Statistical Power | |
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| Resource 13X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT power: Eyeball-estimating Power from n, Effect Size, and Standard Deviation | |
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| QuizMaster 13A | |
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| Inferences About Two or More Means: Analysis of Variance | |
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| Why Multiple + Tests Are Not Appropriate | |
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| Hypotheses with Three or More Samples | |
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| Null Hypothesis | |
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| Alternative Hypothesis | |
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| Logic of Analysis of Variance | |
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| MS[subscript B]: Between-group oint-estimate of [sigma superscript 2] | |
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| MS[subscript W]: Within-group Point-estimate of [sigma superscript 2] | |
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| F Ratio | |
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| ANOVA is Nondirectional | |
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| Partitioning the Sum of Squares | |
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| Review of the Procedure | |
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| Another Example | |
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| ANOVA Eyeball-calibration | |
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| Number of Subjects Required for Adequate Power | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 14 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 14A: Hypotheses with Three or More Groups | |
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| Lectlet 14B: Logic of the Analysis of Variance | |
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| Lectlet 14C: Computing the Analysis of Variance | |
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| Lectlet 14D: Interpreting the Analysis of Variance | |
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| Resource 14A: Computational Formulas for ANOVA | |
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| Resource 14B: Eyeball-estimating the Analysis of Variance | |
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| Resource 14X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT anova: Eyeball-estimating the Analysis of Variance | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 14A | |
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| Post Hoc Tests, A Priori Tests, Repeated-Measures ANOVA, and Two-way ANOVA | |
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| Interpreting ANOVA: Post Hoc Tests | |
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| Instead of ANOVA: A Priori Tests | |
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| A Priori Tests When There Are Two Groups | |
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| Comparisons | |
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| Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance | |
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| Two-way Analysis of Variance | |
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| Displaying the Outcome of a Two-way Design | |
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| Main Effects | |
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| Interaction | |
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| Kinds of Interaction | |
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| Null Hypothesis for Interaction | |
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| Interpreting Two-way ANOVA | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 15 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 15A: Post Hoc Tests and A Priori Tests | |
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| Lectlet 15B: Repeated-measures Analysis of Variance | |
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| Lectlet 15C: Two-way Analysis of Variance | |
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| Resource 15A: Comprehending and Computing Post Hoc Tests | |
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| Resource 15B: Comprehending and Computing A Priori Tests | |
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| Resource 15C: Comprehending and Computing Repeated-measures ANOVA | |
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| Resource 15D: Comprehending and Computing Two-way ANOVA | |
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| Resource 15X: Additional Exercises | |
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| QuizMaster 15A | |
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| Measures of the Relationship Between Two Variables: Correlation | |
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| Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Scatter Diagrams | |
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| Values of r | |
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| Pearson's r | |
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| z Score Formulas | |
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| How It Works | |
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| Factors That Affect the Size of r | |
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| Correlation Does Not Imply Causation | |
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| Testing Hypotheses About r | |
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| Power | |
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| Spearman's r[subscript S] | |
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| Ranking | |
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| Testing Hypotheses About r[subscript s] | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 16 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 16A: Correlation | |
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| Lectlet 16B: Computing the Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Resource 16A: Computational Formulas for the Pearson Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Resource 16B: The Significance Test for r is Derived from the Test Statistic + | |
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| Resource 16X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT scatter: Eyeball-estimating the Correlation Coefficient from a Scatterplot | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 16A | |
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| Prediction: Linear Regression | |
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| Regression Lines | |
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| Notation | |
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| The Equation | |
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| Eyeball-estimating the Constants | |
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| Computing the Constants | |
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| Interpreting the Constants | |
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| Regression Line in Standard Form | |
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| Regression to the Mean | |
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| The Best (Least Squares) Regression Line | |
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| Error of Prediction | |
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| The Best Line | |
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| Standard Error of Estimate | |
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| Coefficient of Determination | |
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| Predicted Distribution | |
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| Interpreting Correlation and Regression | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 17 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 17A: Linear Regression | |
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| Lectlet 17B: Computing the Regression Equation | |
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| Lectlet 17C: The Standard Error of Estimate | |
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| Resource 17A: Computational Formula for the Regression Line Slope | |
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| Resource 17B: What Causes Regression to the Mean? | |
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| Resource 17C: Partitioning the Regression Sum of Squares | |
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| Resource 17D: A Small Correlation Can Have Dramatic Impact | |
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| Resource 17X: Additional Exercises | |
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| ESTAT regtry: Eyeball-estimating the Regression Line | |
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| ESTAT corest: Prediction and Regression to the Mean | |
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| ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator | |
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| QuizMaster 17A | |
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| Some Nonparametric Statistical Tests | |
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| Testing with a Nonnormal Distribution | |
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| Nonparametric Statistical Tests | |
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| Tests for Data Measured at the Nominal Level | |
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| One Sample: The X[superscript 2] Goodness of Fit Test | |
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| Two Independent Samples: The X[superscript 2] Test of Independence | |
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| Two Dependent Samples: The McNemar Test for Significance of Change | |
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| Tests for Data Measured at the Ordinal Level | |
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| Two Independent Samples: The Mann-Whitney U Test | |
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| Two Dependent Samples: The Wilcoxon Matched-pairs Signed-rank Test | |
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| k Independent Samples: The Kruskal-Wallis H Test | |
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| Choosing Between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests | |
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| Connections | |
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| Cumulative Review | |
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| Journals | |
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| Computers | |
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| Homework Tips | |
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| Exercises for Chapter 18 | |
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| On the Personal Trainer CD | |
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| Lectlet 18A: Nonparametric Statistics: Chi-square | |
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| Lectlet 18B: Nonparametric Statistics Based on Order | |
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| Resource 18X: Additional Exercises | |