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| Preface | |
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| The Pre-Socratics: Early Greek Philosophers | |
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| The Birth of Philosophy | |
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| Monastic Materialism | |
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| Thales | |
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| Water | |
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| The Sun and the Pyramids | |
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| Olive Presses | |
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| Anaximander | |
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| The Boundless | |
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| Evolution | |
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| Creation and Destruction | |
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| Anaximenes | |
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| A Mathematical Universe | |
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| Pythagoras | |
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| Rebirth | |
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| Rules of Purification | |
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| Three Classes of People | |
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| The Harmonic Mean | |
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| Number: The Key to Nature | |
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| Form | |
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| Theano of Crotona | |
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| The Pythagoreans | |
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| Aesara of Lucania | |
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| Explanations of Change | |
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| Heraclitus | |
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| The Ever-Living Fire | |
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| Flux | |
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| God | |
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| Parmenides | |
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| What Is Is, What Is Not Is Not | |
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| Zeno | |
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| Empedocles | |
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| Love and Strife | |
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| Anaxagoras | |
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| Seeds | |
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| Mind (Nous) | |
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| The Sun and the Moon | |
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| The Atomists | |
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| Atoms | |
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| Soul Atoms | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Socrates and the Sophists | |
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| The Sophists | |
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| Protagoras | |
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| Religion and Morals | |
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| The Gods | |
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| Gorgias | |
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| Thrasymachus | |
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| Socrates | |
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| Socrates' Life | |
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| Socrates' Inner Voice | |
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| The Oracle at Delphi | |
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| The Dialectic Method | |
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| Knowledge | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Socrates' Trial and Death | |
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| On Women | |
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| Plato | |
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| Plato's Mother, Perictione | |
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| On Women | |
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| Plato | |
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| Plato's Life | |
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| The Socratic Method | |
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| The Dialogues | |
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| The Forms | |
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| Creation | |
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| The Soul | |
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| Immortality of the Soul | |
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| Evil | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Theory of Knowledge | |
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| Allegory of the Cave | |
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| The Divided Line | |
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| Imaging Stage | |
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| Belief Stage | |
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| Thinking Stage | |
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| Intelligence (Reason and Intuition) | |
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| Knowing the Forms | |
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| Ladder of Love | |
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| Political Philosophy | |
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| The Ideal State | |
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| On Women | |
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| Aristotle | |
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| Aristotle's Life | |
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| Metaphysics | |
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| Form and Matter | |
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| The Four Causes | |
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| Potentiality and Actuality | |
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| The Unmoved Mover | |
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| The Soul | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Ends and Means | |
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| Happiness | |
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| The Golden Mean | |
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| Two Kinds of Reasoning | |
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| Two Kinds of Acts | |
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| Two Kinds of Wisdom | |
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| Political Philosophy | |
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| Types of States | |
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| On Women | |
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| Hellenistic Philosophy | |
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| Religion, Philosophy, and Science | |
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| Hellenistic Philosophy | |
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| The Cynics | |
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| Diogenes | |
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| The Epicureans | |
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| Epicurus | |
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| The Stoics | |
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| God and Nature | |
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| Natural Law and Fate | |
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| Human Nature | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Epictetus | |
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| Marcus Aurelius | |
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| Universal Brotherhood | |
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| The Skeptics | |
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| Sextus Empiricus | |
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| Mystery Cults | |
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| The Neoplatonists | |
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| Plotinus | |
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| Hypatia of Alexandria | |
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| The Medieval World | |
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| Religious Doctrines | |
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| Early Christianity and Philosophy | |
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| Saint Augustine | |
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| Augustine's Life | |
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| God | |
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| The Creation | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| The Two Cities | |
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| Science | |
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| History | |
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| Church and State | |
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| On Women | |
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| The "Not-So-Dark-Ages" | |
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| Faith Versus Reason | |
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| John Scotus Erigena | |
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| Proving God's Existence | |
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| Anselm | |
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| Islamic Philosophy | |
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| Avicenna | |
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| Avicenna's Life | |
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| God | |
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| The Soul | |
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| Averroes | |
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| Averroes's Life | |
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| God | |
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| The Soul | |
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| True Knowledgec | |
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| Jewish Philosophy | |
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| Moses Maimonides | |
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| Maimonides' Life | |
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| Faith and Reason | |
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| God | |
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| High Point of the Middle Ages | |
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| Thomas Aquinas | |
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| Aquinas's Life | |
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| Faith and Reason | |
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| Five Ways to Prove God's Existence | |
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| Can We Know God? | |
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| Evil | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Divine Law | |
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| On Women | |
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| Modern Philosophy: The Reformation, Science, and Rationalism | |
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| The Renaissance | |
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| The Reformation | |
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| Martin Luther | |
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| Luther's Life | |
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| Luther's Reforms | |
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| Faith and Reason | |
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| The Reformation Spreads | |
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| The Rise of Science | |
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| The New Science | |
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| Thomas Hobbes | |
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| Hobbes's Life | |
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| Metaphysics | |
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| Human Nature | |
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| Social Contract | |
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| Influence on Philosophy | |
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| On Women | |
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| The Continental Rationalists | |
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| Rene Descartes | |
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| Descartes' Life | |
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| The Cartesian Method | |
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| Role of Mathematics | |
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| Rules of Method | |
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| Intuition and Deduction | |
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| Method of Doubt | |
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| I Think, Therefore I Am | |
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| Reversal of Doubt | |
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| Proofs of God's Existence | |
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| Mathematics and the Physical World | |
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| The Mind--Body Problem | |
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| Animals as Machines | |
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| Benedict de Spinoza | |
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| Spinoza's Life | |
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| God | |
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| The World | |
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| Freedom | |
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| Gottfried Leibniz | |
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| Leibniz's Life | |
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| Substance | |
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| Monads | |
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| Pre-Established Harmony | |
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| God and the Problem of Evil | |
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| British Empiricism: Locke, Berkeley, and Hume | |
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| John Locke | |
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| Locke's Life | |
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| The Human Mind | |
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| No Innate Ideas | |
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| Tabula Rasa | |
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| Simple and Complex Ideas | |
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| Primary and Secondary Qualities | |
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| Substance | |
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| Degrees of Knowledge | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Political Philosophy | |
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| Right to Property | |
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| Government | |
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| On Women | |
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| George Berkeley | |
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| Berkeley's Life | |
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| Berkeley's Idealism | |
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| To Be Is to Be Perceived | |
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| David Hume | |
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| Hume's Life | |
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| Hume's Purpose | |
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| Contents of the Mind | |
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| Association of Ideas | |
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| Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact | |
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| Cause and Effect | |
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| The External World | |
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| The Self | |
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| Substance | |
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| God | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Sympathy | |
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| On Women | |
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| Immanuel Kant: Critical Philosophy | |
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| Immanuel Kant | |
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| Kant's Life | |
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| Kant's Revolution | |
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| The Powers of Human Reason | |
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| A Priori and a Posteriori Knowledge | |
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| Analytic and Synthetic Judgments | |
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| Synthetic a Priori | |
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| The Structure of the Mind | |
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| The Self | |
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| The Two Worlds | |
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| Transcendental Ideas | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Goodwill | |
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| Hypothetical Imperatives | |
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| Freedom | |
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| Immortality | |
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| God | |
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| Morality and Religion | |
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| On Women | |
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| Idealism and Materialism: Hegel and Marx | |
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| Idealism: G. W. F. Hegel | |
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| Hegel's Life | |
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| Reality | |
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| Logic | |
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| Absolute Spirit | |
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| Philosophy of Nature | |
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| Philosophy of Spirit | |
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| Subjective Spirit (Mind) | |
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| Objective Spirit (Mind) | |
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| The State | |
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| The Constitution | |
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| International Law | |
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| World History | |
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| Art, Religion, and Philosophy | |
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| Art | |
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| Religion | |
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| Philosophy | |
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| On Women | |
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| Materialism: Karl Marx | |
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| Marx's Response to Hegel | |
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| Karl Marx's Life | |
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| Dialectical Materialism | |
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| Production | |
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| Alienation | |
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| Communism | |
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| On Women | |
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| Utilitarianism: Wollstonecraft, Bentham, Mill, Taylor | |
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| Mary Wollstonecraft | |
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| Wollstonecraft's Life | |
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| Women In Cages | |
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| Education | |
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| Jeremy Bentham | |
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| Bentham's Life | |
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| The Principle of Utility | |
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| Sources of Pleasure and Pain | |
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| The Hedonistic Calculus | |
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| John Stuart Mill | |
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| Mill's Life | |
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| Mill's Utilitarianism | |
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| Kinds of Pleasures | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Mill's View of Education | |
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| Happiness | |
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| Duty | |
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| Liberty | |
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| Harriet Taylor (with John Stuart Mill) | |
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| On Women | |
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| Individualism: Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Rand | |
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| Soren Kierkegaard | |
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| Kierkegaard's Life | |
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| Existence | |
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| Truth as Subjectivity | |
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| Existence as Alienation | |
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| Stages on Life's Way | |
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| The Aesthetic Stage | |
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| The Ethical Stage | |
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| The Religious Stage | |
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| En Masse | |
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| On Women | |
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| The Unique Individual | |
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| Friedrich Nietzsche | |
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| Nietzsche's Life | |
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| Truth Above All | |
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| "God Is Dead" | |
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| Revaluation of Values | |
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| Master and Slave Morality | |
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| Will to Power | |
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| The Overman | |
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| Eternal Recurrence | |
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| On Women | |
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| Ayn Rand | |
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| Ayn Rand's Life | |
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| Who Is John Galt? | |
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| Reason and Emotion | |
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| Objectivism | |
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| Pragmatism: Peirce, James, Dewey | |
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| Pragmaticism | |
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| Charles Sanders Peirce | |
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| Peirce's Life | |
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| Pragmatism and Meaning | |
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| Doubt, Belief, and Action | |
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| Fixing Belief | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| Metaphysics | |
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| William James | |
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| James's Life | |
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| The Pragmatic Method | |
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| Pragmatic Theory of Truth | |
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| Consciousness | |
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| Freedom | |
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| The Moral Life | |
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| Religion | |
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| Two Types of Personalities | |
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| Religious Conversion | |
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| Saintliness | |
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| Mysticism | |
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| Religious Experience | |
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| John Dewey | |
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| Dewey's Life | |
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| Instrumentalism | |
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| Human Nature | |
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| Impulse | |
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| Habits | |
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| Intelligence | |
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| Importance of Education | |
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| Theory of Value | |
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| Process Philosophy: Bergson and Whitehead | |
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| Henri Bergson | |
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| Bergson's Life | |
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| Intellect Versus Intuition | |
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| Evolution | |
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| Time and Duration | |
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| The Elan Vital | |
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| Morality and Religion | |
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| Closed Morality | |
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| Open Morality | |
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| Static and Dynamic Religion | |
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| Alfred North Whitehead | |
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| Whitehead's Life | |
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| The Function of Philosophy | |
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| Mathematical Pattern | |
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| Simple Location | |
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| Actual Entities and Actual Occasions | |
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| Prehensions | |
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| Eternal Objects | |
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| God | |
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| Analytic Philosophy: Russell, Logical Positivists, and Wittgenstein | |
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| Bertrand Russell | |
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| Russell's Life | |
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| Logical Atomism | |
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| Moral Philosophy | |
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| Education | |
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| Religion | |
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| On Women | |
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| Logical Positivism | |
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| The Principle of Verification | |
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| Ludwig Wittgenstein | |
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| Wittgenstein's Life | |
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| The Tractatus | |
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| Picturing | |
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| Philosophy | |
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| The Mystic | |
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| The New Wittgenstein | |
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| Language Games | |
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| The Fly in the Fly-Bottle | |
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| The Use of Philosophy | |
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| Phenomenology: Husserl and Heidegger | |
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| Edmund Husserl | |
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| Husserl's Life | |
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| The Crisis of Western Man | |
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| The Phenomenological Method | |
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| The Phenomenological Ego | |
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| The Life-World | |
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| Martin Heidegger | |
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| Heidegger's Life | |
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| The Human Being (Dasein) | |
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| Existence | |
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| Being-in-the-World | |
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| Concern | |
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| Ready-to-Hand | |
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| The "Who" of Dasein | |
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| Modes of Disclosure | |
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| Attunement (Moods) | |
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| Understanding | |
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| Discourse (Speech) | |
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| Death | |
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| Existentialism: Sartre, de Beauvoir, Camus | |
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| Jean-Paul Sartre | |
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| Sartre's Life | |
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| Sartre's Existentialism | |
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| Nausea | |
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| The Absurd | |
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| Abandonment | |
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| Existence Precedes Essence | |
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| Being-in-Itself and Being-for-Itself | |
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| Responsibility | |
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| Condemned to Be Free | |
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| Cowards and Heroes | |
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| Bad Faith | |
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| Simone de Beauvoir | |
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| De Beauvoir's Life | |
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| Woman as Other | |
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| Biology of Women | |
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| Woman as Being-for-Itself | |
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| Women's Oppression | |
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| Myths About Women | |
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| Woman's Life Today | |
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| Albert Camus | |
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| Camus' Life | |
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| The Absurd | |
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| Revolt | |
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| The Myth of Sisyphus | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |