Basic Concepts | p. 1 |
Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions | p. 1 |
Recognizing Arguments | p. 14 |
Deduction and Induction | p. 33 |
Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency | p. 43 |
Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity | p. 55 |
Extended Arguments | p. 63 |
Language: Meaning and Definition | p. 76 |
Varieties of Meaning | p. 76 |
The Intension and Extension of Terms | p. 87 |
Definitions and Their Purposes | p. 92 |
Definitional Techniques | p. 100 |
Criteria for Lexical Definitions | p. 110 |
Informal Fallacies | p. 118 |
Fallacies in General | p. 118 |
Fallacies of Relevance | p. 121 |
Fallacies of Weak Induction | p. 138 |
Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical Analogy | p. 155 |
Fallacies in Ordinary Language | p. 180 |
Categorical Propositions | p. 199 |
The Components of Categorical Propositions | p. 199 |
Quality, Quantity, and Distribution | p. 202 |
Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition | p. 207 |
Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition | p. 215 |
The Traditional Square of Opposition | p. 225 |
Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint | p. 234 |
Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form | p. 241 |
Categorical Syllogism | p. 253 |
Standard Form, Mood, and Figure | p. 253 |
Venn Diagrams | p. 261 |
Rules and Fallacies | p. 274 |
Reducing the Number of Terms | p. 282 |
Ordinary Language Arguments | p. 285 |
Enthymemes | p. 289 |
Sorites | p. 294 |
Propositional Logic | p. 301 |
Symbols and Translation | p. 301 |
Truth Functions | p. 313 |
Truth Tables for Propositions | p. 325 |
Truth Tables for Arguments | p. 334 |
Indirect Truth Tables | p. 338 |
Argument Forms and Fallacies | p. 345 |
Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic | p. 364 |
Rules of Implication I | p. 364 |
Rules of Implication II | p. 374 |
Rules of Replacement I | p. 384 |
Rules of Replacement II | p. 395 |
Conditional Proof | p. 405 |
Indirect Proof | p. 410 |
Proving Logical Truths | p. 416 |
Predicate Logic | p. 420 |
Symbols and Translation | p. 420 |
Using the Rules of Inference | p. 430 |
Change of Quantifier Rules | p. 441 |
Conditional and Indirect Proof | p. 445 |
Proving Invalidity | p. 451 |
Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers | p. 458 |
Identity | p. 470 |
Induction | p. 485 |
Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning | p. 485 |
Causality and Mill's Methods | p. 505 |
Probability | p. 529 |
Statistical Reasoning | p. 545 |
Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning | p. 567 |
Science and Superstition | p. 588 |
Answers to Selected Exercises | p. 618 |
Glossary/Index | p. 677 |
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