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| List of figures | |
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| List of tables | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| List of abbreviations | |
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| Efficiency in health care | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The demand for efficiency analysis in health care | |
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| Organisational efficiency | |
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| Analytic efficiency measurement techniques | |
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| Experience with efficiency analysis in health care | |
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| This book | |
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| The components of an efficiency model | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Unit of analysis | |
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| What are outputs in health care? | |
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| Health outcomes | |
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| Health care activities | |
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| Valuing health care outputs | |
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| Specifying inputs | |
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| Labour inputs | |
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| Capital inputs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Environmental constraints | |
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| Practical challenges | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Stochastic frontier analysis of cross-sectional data | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Considerations in stochastic frontier analysis | |
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| Whether to estimate a production or a cost function | |
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| Whether to transform variables | |
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| Whether to estimate a total or an average function | |
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| Which explanatory variables to include | |
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| How to model the residual | |
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| How to extract the efficiency estimates | |
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| Application to acute hospitals in England | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Stochastic frontier analysis of panel data | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Time-invariant efficiency | |
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| Empirical application | |
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| Time-varying efficiency | |
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| Empirical application | |
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| Unobserved heterogeneity | |
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| Empirical application | |
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| Summary and sensitivity analysis | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Data envelopment analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The DEA methodology | |
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| Input-oriented efficiency | |
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| Output-oriented efficiency | |
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| DEA formulation | |
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| Considerations in data envelopment analysis | |
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| Whether to assume constant or variable returns to scale | |
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| Whether to assume an input or an output orientation | |
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| Whether to apply weight restrictions | |
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| Dealing with 'slacks' | |
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| Model specification and judging the quality of a DEA model | |
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| How to adjust for environmental factors | |
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| Application to acute hospitals in England | |
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| The methods and data | |
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| Model specifications | |
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| Results | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Malmquist index | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Malmquist methodology | |
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| A graphical illustration | |
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| The general form of the Malmquist index | |
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| Considerations in using the Malmquist index | |
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| Previous literature on the Malmquist index in health care | |
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| Application to acute hospitals in England | |
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| The methods and data | |
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| Model specifications | |
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| Results | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| A comparison of SFA and DEA | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why SFA and DEA produce different efficiency estimates | |
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| Other differences between SFA and DEA | |
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| Comparison of different methodologies | |
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| The methods and data | |
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| Model specifications | |
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| Results | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Unresolved issues and challenges in efficiency measurement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Output weights | |
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| Modelling the production process | |
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| Environmental constraints | |
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| Dynamic effects | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Some alternative approaches to measuring performance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Multilevel modelling | |
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| Generalised statistical modelling | |
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| Illustrative example | |
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| Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) in a multilevel context | |
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| Illustrative example | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Output weights | |
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| Partitioning unexplained variation | |
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| Unresolved technical issues | |
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| For policy makers and regulators | |
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| Data description | |
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| References | |
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| Author index | |
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| Subject index | |