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| Preface | |
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| List of abbreviations | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction to Arabic | |
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| Afro-Asiatic and the Semitic language family | |
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| An overview of Arabic language history | |
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| Classical Arabic | |
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| The modern period | |
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| Arabic today | |
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| Phonology and script | |
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| The alphabet | |
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| Names and shapes of the letters | |
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| Consonants: pronunciation and description | |
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| Vowels | |
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| MSA pronunciation styles: full form and pause form | |
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| MSA syllable structure | |
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| Word stress rules | |
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| Definiteness and indefiniteness markers | |
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| Arabic word structure: an overview | |
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| Morphology in general | |
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| Derivation: the Arabic root-pattern system | |
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| Word structure: root and pattern combined | |
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| Dictionary organization | |
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| Other lexical types | |
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| Inflection: an overview of grammatical categories in Arabic | |
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| Distribution of inflectional categories: paradigms | |
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| MSA inflectional classes | |
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| Case and mood: special inflectional categories in Arabic | |
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| Basic Arabic sentence structures | |
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| Essential principles of sentence structure | |
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| The simple sentence | |
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| Other sentence elements | |
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| Compound or complex sentences | |
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| Arabic noun types | |
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| Verbal noun (al-maSdar [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Active and passive participle (ism al-faa il [characters not reproducible], ism al-maf uul [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Noun of place (ism makaan [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Noun of instrument (ism al- aala [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Nouns of intensity, repetition, profession | |
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| Common noun (al-ism [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Generic noun (ism al-jins [characters not reproducible]) and noun of instance (ism al-marra [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Diminutive (al-taSghiir [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Abstraction nouns ending with -iyya | |
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| Nouns not derived from verb roots | |
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| Common nouns from quadriliteral and quinquiliteral roots: (asmaa rubaa iyya wa xumaasiyya [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Collective nouns, mass nouns, and unit nouns (ism al-jins [characters not reproducible]; ism al-waHda [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Borrowed nouns | |
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| Arabic proper nouns | |
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| Complex nouns, compound nouns, and compound nominals (naHt [characters not reproducible] and tarkiib [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Participles: active and passive | |
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| Active participle (AP): (ism al-faa il [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Passive participle (PP): (ism al-maf uul [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Noun inflections: gender, humanness, number, definiteness, and case | |
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| Gender | |
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| Humanness | |
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| Number | |
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| Definiteness and indefiniteness | |
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| Case inflection | |
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| Construct phrases and nouns in apposition | |
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| The construct phrase or Daafa [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Nouns in apposition (badal [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Noun specifiers and quantifiers | |
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| Expressions of totality | |
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| Expressions of limited number, non-specific number, or partiality | |
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| Expressions of "more," "most," and "majority" | |
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| Scope of quantifier agreement | |
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| Non-quantitative specifiers | |
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| Adjectives: function and form | |
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| Function | |
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| Attributive adjectives | |
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| Predicate adjectives | |
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| Adjectives as substantives | |
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| Arabic adjective inflection | |
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| The adjective iDaafa, the "false" iDaafa (Daafa ghayr Haqiiqiyya [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Adjective derivation: the structure of Arabic adjectives | |
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| Derivation patterns from Form I triliteral roots | |
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| Quadriliteral root adjective patterns | |
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| Participles functioning as adjectives | |
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| Derivation through suffixation: relative adjectives (al-nisba [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Color adjectives | |
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| Non-derived adjectives | |
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| Compound adjectives | |
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| Adverbs and adverbial expressions | |
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| Adverbs of degree | |
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| Adverbs of manner | |
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| Place adverbials | |
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| Time adverbials | |
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| Numerical adverbials | |
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| Adverbial accusative of specification (al-tamyiiz [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Adverbial accusative of cause or reason (al-mafuul li-ajl-i-hi [characters not reproducible], al-mafuul la-hu [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Adverbs as speech acts | |
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| Personal pronouns | |
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| Independent personal pronouns (Damaaspir munfaSila [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Suffix personal pronouns (Damaa muttaSila [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Reflexive expressions with nafs plus pronouns | |
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| Independent possessive pronoun: dhuu + noun | |
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| Demonstrative pronouns | |
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| Demonstrative of proximity: 'this; these' [characters not reproducible] haadhaa | |
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| Demonstrative of distance: 'that; those' [characters not reproducible] dhaalika | |
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| Functions of demonstratives | |
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| Other demonstratives | |
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| Relative pronouns and relative clauses | |
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| Definite relative pronouns | |
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| Definite relative clauses | |
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| Indefinite relative clauses | |
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| Resumptive pronouns in relative clauses | |
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| Indefinite or non-specific relative pronouns: maa [characters not reproducible] and man [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Numerals and numeral phrases | |
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| Cardinal numerals (al-adaad [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Ordinal numerals | |
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| Other number-based expressions | |
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| Expressions of serial order: "last" | |
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| Prepositions and prepositional phrases | |
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| Overview | |
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| True prepositions (Huruuf al-jarr [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Locative adverbs or semi-prepositions (Zuruuf makaan wa-Zuruuf zamaan [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Prepositions with clause objects | |
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| Questions and question words | |
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| ayn-a [characters not reproducible] 'where' | |
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| ayy-un [characters not reproducible] 'which; what' | |
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| kam [characters not reproducible] 'how much; how many' | |
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| kayf-a [characters not reproducible] 'how' | |
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| li-maadhaa [characters not reproducible] 'why; what for' | |
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| maa [characters not reproducible] and maadhaa [characters not reproducible] 'what' | |
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| man [characters not reproducible] 'who; whom' | |
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| mataa [characters not reproducible] 'when' | |
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| hal [characters not reproducible] and a- [characters not reproducible] interrogative markers | |
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| Connectives and conjunctions | |
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| wa- 'and' (waaw al-aTf [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| fa- [characters not reproducible] 'and so; and then; yet; and thus' | |
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| Contrastive conjunctions | |
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| Explanatory conjunctions | |
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| Resultative conjunctions | |
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| Adverbial conjunctions | |
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| Disjunctives | |
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| Sentence-starting connectives | |
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| Subordinating conjunctions: the particle inna and her sisters | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The particles | |
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| Verb classes | |
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| Verb roots | |
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| Verb derivation patterns: awzaan al-fil [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Verb inflection: a summary | |
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| Verb inflection | |
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| Complex predicates: compound verbs, qad, and verb strings | |
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| Form I: The base form triliteral verb | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Regular (sound) triliteral root (al-fil al-SaHiiH al-saalim [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Geminate verb root (al-fil al-muDaaf [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Hamzated verb root (al-fil al-mahmuuz [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Assimilated verb root (al-fil al-mithaal [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Hollow root (al-fil al-ajwaf [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Defective verb root (al-fil al-naaqiS [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Doubly weak or "mixed" verb root | |
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| Verbal nouns of Form I | |
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| Form I participles | |
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| Form II | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Regular (sound) triliteral root | |
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| Geminate (doubled) root Form II | |
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| Hamzated roots in Form II | |
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| Assimilated roots in Form II | |
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| Hollow roots in Form II | |
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| Defective roots in Form II | |
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| Doubly weak roots in Form II | |
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| Examples of Form II verbs in context | |
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| Form II verbal nouns | |
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| Form II participles | |
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| Form III triliteral verb | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Regular (sound) triliteral root | |
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| Geminate (doubled) root Form III | |
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| Hamzated roots in Form III | |
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| Assimilated roots in Form III | |
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| Hollow roots in Form III | |
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| Defective roots in Form III | |
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| Doubly weak roots in Form III | |
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| Examples of Form III verbs in context | |
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| Form III verbal noun | |
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| Form III Participles | |
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| Form IV triliteral verb | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Regular (sound) triliteral root | |
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| Geminate (doubled) root Form IV | |
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| Hamzated roots in Form IV | |
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| Assimilated roots in Form IV | |
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| Hollow roots in Form IV | |
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| Defective roots in Form IV | |
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| Doubly weak roots in Form IV | |
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| Exclamatory Form IV | |
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| Examples of Form IV verbs in context | |
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| Verbal noun of Form IV | |
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| Form IV participles | |
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| Form V triliteral verb | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Regular (sound) triliteral root | |
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| Geminate (doubled) root Form V | |
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| Hamzated roots in Form V | |
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| Assimilated roots in Form V | |
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| Hollow roots in Form V | |
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| Defective roots in Form V | |
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| Doubly weak roots in Form V | |
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| Examples of Form V verbs in context | |
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| Form V verbal nouns | |
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| Form V participles | |
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| Form VI triliteral verb | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Regular (sound) triliteral root | |
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| Geminate (doubled) root Form VI | |
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| Hamzated roots in Form VI | |
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| Assimilated roots in Form VI | |
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| Hollow roots in Form VI | |
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| Defective roots in Form VI | |
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| Examples of Form VI verbs in context | |
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| Form VI verbal noun | |
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| Form VI participles | |
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| Form VII triliteral verb | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Regular (sound) triliteral root | |
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| Geminate (doubled) root Form VII | |
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| Hamzated roots in Form VII | |
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| Assimilated roots in Form VII | |
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| Hollow roots in Form VII | |
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| Defective roots in Form VII | |
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| Examples of Form VII verbs in context | |
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| Form VII verbal noun | |
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| Form VII participles | |
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| Form VIII triliteral verb | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Regular or sound roots | |
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| Geminate (doubled) root Form VIII | |
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| Hamzated roots in Form VIII | |
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| Assimilated roots in Form VIII | |
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| Hollow roots in Form VIII | |
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| Defective roots in Form VIII | |
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| Examples of Form VIII verbs in context | |
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| Verbal nouns of Form VIII | |
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| Form VIII participles | |
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| Form IX triliteral verb | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Sound/regular roots in Form IX | |
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| Geminate (doubled) roots Form IX | |
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| Hamzated roots in Form IX | |
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| Assimilated roots in Form IX | |
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| Hollow roots in Form IX | |
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| Defective roots in Form IX: rare | |
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| Form IX verbs in context | |
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| Verbal nouns of Form IX | |
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| Form IX participles | |
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| Form X triliteral verb | |
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| Basic characteristics | |
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| Sound/regular root | |
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| Geminate (doubled) roots in Form X | |
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| Hamzated roots in Form X | |
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| Assimilated roots in Form X | |
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| Hollow roots in Form X | |
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| Defective roots in Form X | |
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| Examples of Form X verbs in context | |
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| Form X verbal nouns | |
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| Form X participles | |
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| Forms XI-XV triliteral verb | |
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| Form XI: if'aall-a [characters not reproducible]/ya-f'aall-u [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Form XII: if'aw'al-a [characters not reproducible]/ya-f'aw'il-u [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Form XIII: if'awwal-a [characters not reproducible]/ya-f'awwil-u [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Form XIV: if'anlal-a [characters not reproducible]/ya-f'anlil-u [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Form XV: if'anlaa [characters not reproducible]/ya-f'anlii [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Quadriliteral verbs | |
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| Basic characteristics of quadriliteral verb roots ('af'aal rubba'iyya [characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Form I | |
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| Form II | |
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| Form III | |
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| Form IV | |
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| Examples of quadriliteral verbs in context | |
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| Quadriliteral verbal nouns | |
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| Form I quadriliteral participles | |
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| Moods of the verb I: indicative and subjunctive | |
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| The indicative mood: al-muDaari al-marfuu [characters not reproducible] | |
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| The subjunctive mood: al-muDaari al-manSuub [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Moods of the verb II: jussive and imperative | |
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| The jussive: al-jazm [characters not reproducible] | |
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| The imperative: al-[characters not reproducible] | |
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| The permissive or hortative imperative: laam al-[characters not reproducible] | |
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| The negative imperative: laa [characters not reproducible] + jussive | |
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| Verbs of being, becoming, remaining, seeming (Kaan-a wa-[characters not reproducible] axawaat-u-haa) | |
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| The verb kaan-a [characters not reproducible] /ya-kuun-u [characters not reproducible] 'to be' | |
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| The verb lays-a [characters not reproducible] 'to not be' | |
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| Verbs of becoming: baat-a [characters not reproducible] aSbaH-a [characters not reproducible], Saar-a [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Verbs of remaining: baqiy-a [characters not reproducible], Zall-a [characters not reproducible], maa zaal-a [characters not reproducible], maa daam-a [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Verbs of seeming or appearing | |
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| Negation and exception | |
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| The verb lays-a [characters not reproducible] 'to not be' | |
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| Negative particles and their effects | |
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| Exceptive expressions | |
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| Passive and passive-type expressions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The internal or inflectional passive | |
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| Passive with derived forms of the verb | |
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| Conditional and optative expressions | |
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| Possible conditions: idhaa [characters not reproducible] and [characters not reproducible]in [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Conditional expressed with -maa [characters not reproducible] 'ever' | |
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| Contrary-to-fact conditionals: la- [characters not reproducible] law...[characters not reproducible] | |
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| Optative constructions | |
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| How to use an Arabic dictionary | |
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| Glossary of technical terms | |
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| References | |