| |
| |
List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
A Long-Forgotten Civilization | |
| |
| |
A Civilization Rediscovered | |
| |
| |
Reconstructing a Long-Forgotten Civilization | |
| |
| |
Perspectives on Civilizations | |
| |
| |
Theoretical Perspective | |
| |
| |
The Indus Civilization: Chronologies of Indus Antecedents, Coalescence, Decline, and Transformations | |
| |
| |
Rethinking Perspectives on the Indus Civilization | |
| |
| |
| |
Geographical and Environmental Settings | |
| |
| |
Factors to Consider in Assessing Differences between Past and Present | |
| |
| |
Geography and Climate Today | |
| |
| |
Geographical Setting | |
| |
| |
Climate | |
| |
| |
Climate Change Before, During, and After Peak Periods of Settlement | |
| |
| |
The Indus in the Past-Documenting Landscape and River System Dynamics | |
| |
| |
The Upper and Lower Indus | |
| |
| |
The Ghaggar-Hakra | |
| |
| |
The Ganges-Yamuna | |
| |
| |
New Solutions and Perspectives on Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
From Foraging to Farming and Pastoralism | |
| |
| |
From Hunting and Gathering to Farming | |
| |
| |
Focus on Mehrgarh-The Choice of a Site and the Establishment of a Chronology | |
| |
| |
A First Village (7000-4000 B.C) | |
| |
| |
Subsistence | |
| |
| |
Architecture | |
| |
| |
Burial Patterns | |
| |
| |
Material Culture and Technology | |
| |
| |
External Contacts | |
| |
| |
Summary-Period I/II | |
| |
| |
Villages at the Crossroads (4000-3200 B.C.) | |
| |
| |
Subsistence | |
| |
| |
Architecture | |
| |
| |
Burial Patterns | |
| |
| |
Material Culture and Technology | |
| |
| |
External Contacts | |
| |
| |
Summary-Period III | |
| |
| |
A Mosaic of Villages and Towns (3200-2500 B.C.) | |
| |
| |
Subsistence | |
| |
| |
Architecture | |
| |
| |
Burial Patterns | |
| |
| |
Material Culture and Technology | |
| |
| |
External Contacts | |
| |
| |
Summary-Period IV/VII | |
| |
| |
Settling Down: The Domestication of Plants and Animals, the Development of a Village Farming Community into a Sizable Town, and Expanded Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
An Era of Expansion and Transformation | |
| |
| |
An Age of Emerging Polities | |
| |
| |
Upper Indus - Harappa Excavations and the Pre-urban Period | |
| |
| |
Upper Indus - Ravi Phase | |
| |
| |
Upper Indus - Early Harappan/Kot Diji Phase | |
| |
| |
Upper Indus Regional Surveys Near Harappa | |
| |
| |
The Ghaggar-Hakra - Cholistan Survey | |
| |
| |
The Ghaggar - Hakra Plains-Hakra Phase | |
| |
| |
Ghaggar-Hakra Plains-Early Harappan/Kot Diji Phase | |
| |
| |
Ghaggar-Hakra Settlements in Northwest India | |
| |
| |
Expansion of Settlements in the Upper Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Plains | |
| |
| |
The Lower Indus Valley | |
| |
| |
Lower Indus Valley - Hakra and Kot Diji Phases | |
| |
| |
Lower Indus Valley - Amri Phase | |
| |
| |
Expansion of Settlement in the Lower Indus | |
| |
| |
Beyond the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Plains - Baluchistan | |
| |
| |
Pre-urban Ecological and Settlement Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
Urbanism and States: Cities, Regions, and Edge Zones | |
| |
| |
Indus Cities and States - The First Urban Climax | |
| |
| |
Indus Cities | |
| |
| |
City Plans and Physical Layouts | |
| |
| |
Nonresidential Structures | |
| |
| |
PublicWorks | |
| |
| |
Walls and Separated Sectors (Neighborhoods) | |
| |
| |
City Plans and Physical Layouts Summarized - Nonresidential Structures, Public Works, Walls, and Neighborhoods | |
| |
| |
City and Countryside | |
| |
| |
The Upper Indus and Beas Regional Surveys near Harappa | |
| |
| |
The Ghaggar-Hakra Plain - Cholistan Regional Surveys | |
| |
| |
Ghaggar-Hakra Plain - Northwest India | |
| |
| |
The Lower Indus Regional Surveys | |
| |
| |
Interpreting the Evidence for Indus Cities, City - States, and Regional Surveys | |
| |
| |
Urbanism at Its Margins, Gateway Towns and Edge Zones | |
| |
| |
Uniformity and Diversity - Cities, Regions and Edge Zones | |
| |
| |
| |
Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies I - Intensification and Specialization | |
| |
| |
Craft Production | |
| |
| |
Craft Production and Intensification | |
| |
| |
Craft Production and Specialization - Resource Availability and Selection, Technical Skills, and Specialized Production | |
| |
| |
Ceramic Production | |
| |
| |
Stoneware Bangle Production | |
| |
| |
Seal Production | |
| |
| |
Intensification and Specialization of Craft Production | |
| |
| |
Agropastoral Production | |
| |
| |
Agriculture and Intensification | |
| |
| |
Specialization of Cropping Patterns and Regional Diversity | |
| |
| |
Pastoralism and Intensification | |
| |
| |
Pastoralism-Specialization and Regional Diversity | |
| |
| |
Continued Use of Wild Plants and Animals - Foraging and Fishing | |
| |
| |
Specialization and Intensification of the Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economy | |
| |
| |
| |
Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies II - Diversification, Organization of Production, and Distribution | |
| |
| |
Diversification and the Organization of Production, Distribution, and Exchange | |
| |
| |
Diversified Crafts and the Organization of Graft Production | |
| |
| |
Seal Production | |
| |
| |
Ceramic Production | |
| |
| |
Stoneware Bangle Production | |
| |
| |
The Diversification and Organization of Production - Seals, Ceramics, and Stoneware Bangles | |
| |
| |
Diversification of Raw Materials and Finished Products - The Organization of Interregional Exchange | |
| |
| |
Chert | |
| |
| |
Lapis Lazuli | |
| |
| |
Carnelian, Chalcedony, Agate, and Jasper | |
| |
| |
Limestone | |
| |
| |
Precious Metals - Copper, Gold, Lead, Silver, and Tin | |
| |
| |
Shell | |
| |
| |
Steatite | |
| |
| |
Diversification of Craft Production, Organization, and Distribution | |
| |
| |
Diversification of Land, Labor, and the Organization of Agropastoral Production | |
| |
| |
Diversification of Farming - Multicropping, Plow Agriculture, Crop Processing, Fiber Crops, and Aboriculture | |
| |
| |
Diversification of Pastoralism - Specialized Breeds, Food and Fiber, Animal Provisioning, Mobility, and the Organization of Production | |
| |
| |
The Organization of Interregional Exchange of Plant and Animal Products | |
| |
| |
Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies - Intensification, Specialization, Diversification, and the Organization of Production and Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
The Lure of Distant Lands | |
| |
| |
The Lure of Distant Lands - Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha | |
| |
| |
Mapping the Third Millennium B.C. | |
| |
| |
Indus and Mesopotamian Contact by Sea and Over Land - Texts and Archaeology | |
| |
| |
Indus Contact beyond Mesopotamia - By Sea and Over Land | |
| |
| |
Indus Contacts along Maritime Routes | |
| |
| |
Indus Contacts along Overland Routes | |
| |
| |
The Indus and an Interconnected Third - Millennium World | |
| |
| |
| |
Landscapes of Order and Difference - The Cultural Construction of Space, Place, and Social Difference | |
| |
| |
Landscapes as Community Identity - Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Harappa | |
| |
| |
Landscapes as Social Order | |
| |
| |
Space and Public Works | |
| |
| |
Interior Spaces and Social Differences | |
| |
| |
Landscapes and Memory | |
| |
| |
The R37 Cemetery and Cemetery H at Harappa | |
| |
| |
The Cemetery at Kalibangan | |
| |
| |
Human Remains at Mohenjo-daro | |
| |
| |
Death and Memory in the Indus | |
| |
| |
Community Identity, Social Order, and Memory | |
| |
| |
| |
Models for Indus Religious Ideologies | |
| |
| |
Direct Historical Analogies and the Study of Indus Religion | |
| |
| |
Identifying Ceremonial Places | |
| |
| |
Terracotta Masks, Figurines, and Narrative Imagery | |
| |
| |
New Approaches to Uncovering Indus Ideologies | |
| |
| |
Comparative Study of Early Civilizations | |
| |
| |
Alternative Visions - Masks and Figurines | |
| |
| |
Terracotta Masks | |
| |
| |
Terracotta Figurines | |
| |
| |
AlternaUve Visions-Seal and Tablet Narrative Imagery | |
| |
| |
Themes and Motifs in Indus Narrative Imagery | |
| |
| |
Decoding Indus Narrative | |
| |
| |
Cross-Cultural Comparisons | |
| |
| |
Mesopotamian Seal Imagery | |
| |
| |
Iranian Seal Imagery | |
| |
| |
Rethinking Indus Religion and World Views. Shared Vocabularies, Modes of Presentation and Systems of Thought | |
| |
| |
An Indus Pantheon, Elements of Order, and Conceptions of Power and Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| |
The Decline and Transformation and the Comparative Study of Early States | |
| |
| |
The Decline and Transformation of the Indus | |
| |
| |
Causes of a General Nature | |
| |
| |
Environmental Changes - Climate, Precipitation, and River Courses | |
| |
| |
Massacres and Aryan Invasions | |
| |
| |
Disruptions and Changes in Intercultural Trade | |
| |
| |
Shifting Regional Histories, Transformations, and Decline - Causes of a Local Nature | |
| |
| |
Upper Indus (Cemetery H/Late Harappan) | |
| |
| |
Lower Indus - Late Harappan and Jhukar Styles | |
| |
| |
Post-urban/Late Harappan: The Ghaggar-Hakra (Cholistan and Northwest India) | |
| |
| |
Post-urban/Late Harappan - Kutch, Gujarat, and Sorath Harappan | |
| |
| |
Borderland Regions - Afghanistan and Baluchistan (West and Southern Margins) | |
| |
| |
Collapse, Transition, or Transformation - Culture Traits and Political Structure | |
| |
| |
Cycles of Change or Breakdown of Society | |
| |
| |
The Indus Civilization in Comparative Perspective | |
| |
| |
The Harappan Economy and Society | |
| |
| |
Indus Urbanism and City - States | |
| |
| |
Notes | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Index | |