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| Preface | |
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| How to Analyze Arguments | |
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| Uses of Arguments | |
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| What Arguments Are | |
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| Justifications | |
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| Explanations | |
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| Combinations: An Example | |
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| The Web of Language | |
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| Language and Convention | |
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| Linguistic Acts | |
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| Speech Acts | |
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| Performatives | |
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| Kinds of Speech Acts | |
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| Speech Act Rules | |
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| Conversational Acts | |
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| Conversational Rules | |
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| Conversational Implication | |
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| Violating Conversational Rules | |
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| Rhetorical Devices | |
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| Deception | |
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| Bronston v. United States | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Language of Argument | |
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| Argument Markers | |
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| If..., then... | |
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| Arguments in Standard Form | |
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| Some Standards for Evaluating Arguments | |
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| Validity | |
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| Truth | |
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| Soundness | |
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| A Tricky Case | |
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| A Problem and Some Solutions | |
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| Assuring | |
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| Guarding | |
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| Discounting | |
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| Evaluative Language | |
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| Spin Doctoring | |
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| The Art of Close Analysis | |
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| An Extended Example | |
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| Clerk Hire Allowance, House of Representatives | |
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| Deep Analysis | |
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| Getting Down to Basics | |
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| Clarifying Crucial Terms | |
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| Dissecting the Argument | |
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| Arranging Subarguments | |
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| Suppressed Premises | |
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| Contingent Facts | |
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| Linguistic Principles | |
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| Evaluative Suppressed Premises | |
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| Uses and Abuses of Suppressed Premises | |
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| The Method of Reconstruction | |
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| Digging Deeper | |
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| An Example of Deep Analysis: Capital Punishment | |
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| How to Evaluate Arguments: Deductive Standards | |
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| Propositional Logic | |
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| The Formal Analysis of Arguments | |
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| Basic Propositional Connectives | |
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| Conjunction | |
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| Disjunction | |
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| Negation | |
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| Process of Elimination | |
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| How Truth-Functional Connectives Work | |
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| Testing for Validity | |
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| Some Further Connectives | |
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| Conditionals | |
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| Truth Tables for Conditionals | |
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| Logical Language and Everyday Language | |
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| Other Conditionals in Ordinary Language | |
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| Categorical Logic | |
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| Beyond Propositional Logic | |
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| Categorical Propositions | |
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| The Four Basic Categorical Forms | |
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| Translation into the Basic Categorical Forms | |
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| Contradictories | |
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| Existential Commitment | |
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| Validity for Categorical Arguments | |
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| Categorical Immediate Inferences | |
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| The Theory of the Syllogism | |
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| Appendix: The Classical Theory | |
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| The Classical Square of Opposition | |
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| The Classical Theory of Immediate Inference | |
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| The Classical Theory of Syllogisms | |
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| How to Evaluate Arguments: Inductive Standards | |
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| Arguments to and from Generalizations | |
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| Induction versus Deduction | |
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| Statistical Generalizations | |
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| Should We Accept the Premises? | |
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| Is the Sample Large Enough? | |
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| Is the Sample Biased? | |
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| Is the Result Biased in Some Other Way? | |
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| Statistical Applications | |
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| Causal Reasoning | |
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| Reasoning About Causes | |
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| Sufficient Conditions and Necessary Conditions | |
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| The Sufficient Condition Test | |
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| The Necessary Condition Test | |
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| The Joint Test | |
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| Rigorous Testing | |
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| Reaching Positive Conclusions | |
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| Applying These Methods to Find Causes | |
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| Normality | |
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| Background Assumptions | |
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| A Detailed Example | |
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| Calling Things Causes | |
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| Concomitant Variation | |
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| Inference to the Best Explanation and from Analogy | |
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| Inferences to the Best Explanation | |
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| Arguments from Analogy | |
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| Chances | |
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| Some Fallacies of Probability | |
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| The Gambler's Fallacy | |
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| Strange Things Happen | |
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| Heuristics | |
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| The Language of Probability | |
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| A Priori Probability | |
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| Some Rules of Probability | |
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| Bayes's Theorem | |
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| Choices | |
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| Expected Monetary Value | |
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| Expected Overall Value | |
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| Decisions Under Ignorance | |
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| Fallacies | |
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| Fallacies of Vagueness | |
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| Uses of Unclarity | |
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| Vagueness | |
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| Heaps | |
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| Slippery Slopes | |
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| Conceptual Slippery-Slope Arguments | |
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| Fairness Slippery-Slope Arguments | |
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| Causal Slippery-Slope Arguments | |
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| Fallacies of Ambiguity | |
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| Ambiguity | |
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| Equivocation | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Fallacies of Relevance | |
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| Relevance | |
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| Ad Hominem Arguments | |
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| Appeals to Authority | |
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| More Fallacies of Relevance | |
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| Fallacies of Vacuity | |
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| Circularity | |
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| Begging the Question | |
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| Self-Sealers | |
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| Refutation | |
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| What Is Refutation? | |
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| Counterexamples | |
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| Reductio Ad Absurdum | |
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| Straw Men and False Dichotomies | |
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| Refutation by Parallel Reasoning | |
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| Areas of Argumentation | |
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| Legal Reasoning | |
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| Components of Legal Reasoning | |
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| Questions of Fact | |
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| Questions of Law | |
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| The Law of Discrimination | |
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| The Equal Protection Clause | |
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| Applying the Equal Protection Clause | |
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| The Strict Scrutiny Test | |
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| The Bakke Case | |
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| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | |
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| Legal Developments Since Bakke | |
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| Burden of Proof | |
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| Moral Reasoning | |
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| Moral Disagreements | |
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| The Problem of Abortion | |
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| The "Pro-Life" Argument | |
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| "Pro-Choice" Responses | |
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| Analogical Reasoning in Ethics | |
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| Weighing Factors | |
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| "A Defense of Abortion," | |
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| "An Argument that Abortion Is Wrong," | |
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| Scientific Reasoning | |
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| Standard Science | |
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| Scientific Revolutions | |
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| "Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference," | |
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| "Living with Darwin," | |
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| Religious Reasoning | |
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| "Five Reasons to Believe in God," | |
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| "Seven Deadly Objections to Belief in the Christian God," | |
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| Philosophical Reasoning | |
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| "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," | |
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| "The Myth of the Computer," | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |