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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Overview of Community Corrections | |
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| The State of Corrections Today: Why Community Corrections Is Important | |
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| The Correctional Dilemma | |
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| Change in Sentencing Laws | |
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| The Toughening of Juvenile Justice | |
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| The Paradox | |
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| Public Perceptions of Community Corrections | |
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| Correctional Budgets | |
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| The Role of Corrections at Three Major Decision Points | |
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| Pretrial and the Bail Decision | |
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| Sentencing Decision | |
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| Reentry Decision | |
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| How Community Corrections Fits Correctional Goals | |
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| Protection of the Public | |
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| Rehabilitation | |
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| Community Reintegration | |
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| Restorative or Community Justice | |
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| Public Shaming as Punishment | |
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| What You Should Know about Evaluations of Community-Based Corrections | |
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| What Works? | |
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| How Is Effectiveness Measured? | |
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| Other Outcome Measures for Evaluation | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Pretrial Release and Diversion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pretrial Services | |
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| The Pretrial Release Decision | |
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| History of Pretrial Release | |
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| The Least Restrictive Option | |
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| Types of Bonds | |
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| Characteristics of Pretrial Releasees | |
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| Pretrial Supervision | |
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| Failure to Appear | |
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| Reducing Failure to Appear Rates | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Candidates for Diversion | |
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| Drug Courts | |
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| Assumptions of Drug Courts | |
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| Gender and Drug Court Treatment Strategies | |
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| Evaluating Drug Courts | |
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| Mental Health Courts | |
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| Criticisms of Diversion Programs | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Sentencing and the Presentence Investigation Report | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Factors That Affect Granting a Community Sentence | |
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| Eligibility for Community Corrections | |
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| Conditions of Probation Fixed by Statute | |
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| Availability and Quality of Intermediate Sanctions and Other Community-based Services | |
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| Other Factors | |
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| Sentencing Guidelines | |
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| Voluntary Sentencing Guidelines | |
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| Punishment Units | |
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| Sentencing Commissions | |
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| Conditions of Community Corrections | |
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| Standard Conditions | |
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| Special Conditions | |
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| Limitations of Special Conditions | |
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| Supervision Conditions Must Be Constitutional | |
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| First Amendment Rights | |
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| Searches and Seizures | |
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| The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination | |
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| The Presentence Investigation Report | |
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| Purposes of the PSI Report | |
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| Contents of the PSI Report | |
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| Offender-Based PSI Reports | |
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| Offense-Based PSI Reports | |
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| Preparing the PSI Report | |
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| The Initial Interview | |
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| Investigation and Verification | |
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| The Evaluative Summary | |
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| The Sentence Recommendation | |
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| Legal Issues Concerning the Presentence Report | |
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| Disclosure of the PSI Report | |
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| Inaccuracies in the PSI Report | |
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| Hearsay in the PSI Report | |
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| Does the Exclusionary Rule Apply? | |
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| Miranda Warnings and the PSI Interview | |
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| Right to a Lawyer during the PSI Interview | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Probation Conditions | |
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| Probation | |
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| History of Probation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Precursors to American Probation | |
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| Recognizance and Suspended Sentence | |
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| Two Kinds of Suspended Sentence | |
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| The Power to Suspend Sentence | |
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| Early Probation | |
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| The Role of Volunteers and the Settlement Movement | |
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| Development of Federal Probation | |
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| History of Juvenile Probation and Female Probation Officers | |
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| Early Probation Legislation in Other States | |
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| Changing Concepts of Supervision | |
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| The Casework Era: 1900-1970 | |
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| Brokerage of Services Era: 1970-1980 | |
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| Community Resource Management Team | |
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| Justice Model of Supervision: 1980-1995 | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Probation Officer Issues | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Organization of Probation Services | |
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| Arguments for and Against State or Executive Branch Administration | |
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| Community Corrections Acts | |
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| A Typology of Probation Officer Work Styles | |
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| Selection and Appointment of Probation Officers | |
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| Appointment System | |
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| Merit System | |
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| Combined System | |
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| Officer Qualifications, Training, and Salary | |
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| Education and Experience | |
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| Adult Preservice Training | |
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| Juvenile Preservice and Orientation Training | |
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| In-Service Training | |
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| Officer Salary | |
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| Firearms Policies for Probation and Parole Officers | |
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| Probation Officer Job Stress | |
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| Sources of Stress | |
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| Decreasing Stress: Types of Immunity | |
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| Absolute Immunity | |
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| Oualified Immunity | |
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| Private Probation | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Classification and Supervision in Probation and Parole | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Neighborhood-Based Probation Supervision | |
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| The Surveillance Function in Supervision | |
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| Developing Prosocial Behaviors | |
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| Building on Assets and Strengths | |
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| Employment Services | |
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| Using Informal Social Controls | |
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| Classification: The First Step in Supervision | |
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| Actuarial Risk Assessment | |
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| Identifying Treatment Needs | |
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| Developing the Case Plan | |
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| Levels of Supervision | |
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| Caseload and Workload Standards | |
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| Specialized Caseloads | |
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| Supervising Offenders Who Are Mentally Ill | |
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| Supervising Offenders Who Have Abused Drugs and Alcohol | |
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| Gender-Responsive Strategies | |
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| Supervising Sex Offenders | |
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| Polygraph Tests | |
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| Global Positioning Systems | |
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| Interstate Compacts on Probation | |
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| New Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision | |
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| Revocation and the Interstate Compact | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Probation Modification and Termination | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modifying Probation Conditions | |
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| Early Termination of Probation | |
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| Modifying Conditions before the Revocation Decision | |
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| The Decision to Revoke | |
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| Types of Probation Violations | |
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| Law Violations | |
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| Technical Violations | |
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| Probation Absconders | |
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| Revocation Procedure | |
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| The Power to Arrest Probationers | |
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| Time on Probation or Parole Is Usually Not Credited if Revoked | |
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| Revocation Rights of Probationers and Parolees | |
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| Gagnon v. Scarpelli-The Facts | |
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| The Right to a Hearing | |
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| The Right to a Lawyer | |
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| Level of Proof and Evidence Required | |
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| Other Revocation Situations | |
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| Revocation for an Inability to Pay? | |
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| Juvenile Probation Revocation | |
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| Revocation After Probation Term Expires | |
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| Probation Effectiveness | |
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| Probation Recidivism Rates | |
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| Who Is More Likely to Succeed or Fail on Probation? | |
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| Probationers Compared with Parolees | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Intermediate Sanctions | |
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| Residential Intermediate Sanctions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Residential Community Corrections Facilities | |
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| Halfway Houses | |
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| History of Halfway Houses in the United States | |
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| Program Components | |
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| Levels System: A Form of Behavior Modification | |
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| Worker Perspectives and Role Orientation | |
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| Punishment and Treatment Role Orientations | |
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| Evaluations of RCCFs | |
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| Shock Incarceration | |
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| Correctional Boot Camps | |
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| Prison Boot Camps: The Case of New York State | |
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| Probation Boot Camps | |
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| Offender Perspectives | |
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| Criticisms of Boot Camps | |
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| Evaluations of Boot Camp Programs | |
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| Eight Site Study | |
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| Attitude and Behavoral Change | |
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| Reduction of Crowding and Costs | |
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| The Future of Shock Incarceration Programs | |
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| Other Types of Residential Community Corrections Facilities | |
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| Restitution Centers | |
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| Minnesota Restitution | |
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| Georgia Community Diversion Center | |
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| Therapeutic Communities | |
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| The Therapeutic Community Environment | |
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| Challenges of the TC | |
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| Types and Uses of Therapeutic Communities | |
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| Evaluations of Therapeutic Communities | |
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| Work Release and Work Ethic Camps | |
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| Work Ethic Camp | |
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| Combined Work Release and Therapeutic Community | |
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| Women Offenders Living with Their Children | |
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| John P. Craine House | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Nonresidential Intermediate Sanctions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Intensive Supervision Probation | |
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| ISP Caseloads | |
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| Attitudes toward ISP | |
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| Evaluations of ISP | |
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| Reduction of Prison Beds | |
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| Cost-Benefit Analyses | |
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| Treatment Participation | |
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| Summary of ISP Evaluations | |
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| House Arrest | |
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| Purposes of Home Detention | |
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| Criticisms of House Arrest | |
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| Effectiveness of House Arrest | |
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| House Arrest Versus Residential Community Corrections Facilities | |
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| Pretrial Detainees | |
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| Electronic Monitoring and Global Positioning Systems | |
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| History of Electronic Monitoring | |
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| Problems of Early EM Programs | |
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| Remote Location Monitoring | |
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| Officer Carries a Portable Receiver | |
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| Global Positioning Systems | |
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| Frequency of Use | |
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| Attitudes toward EM | |
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| Attitudes of EM Participants | |
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| Citizen Attitudes | |
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| Empirical Evaluations of Home-Based Electronic Monitoring | |
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| Long-Term Effects | |
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| Completion Rates | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| Day Reporting Centers | |
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| Purposes of DRCs | |
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| Treatment-Oriented versus Supervision-Oriented DRCs | |
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| Evaluations of DRCs | |
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| Completion Rates | |
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| Rate of Rearrest | |
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| Predictors of DRC Failure | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Economic and Restorative Justice Reparations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Restorative Justice Principles | |
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| Forms of Restorative Justice | |
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| Victim-Offender Mediation | |
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| Reparation Boards | |
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| Family Group Conferencing | |
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| Circle Sentencing | |
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| Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Methods | |
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| Restitution | |
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| Restitution in History | |
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| Losses Eligible for Compensation | |
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| Problems Associated with Restitution | |
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| Indigent Offenders | |
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| Determining the Restitution Amount | |
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| Collecting Restitution | |
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| Increasing Restitution Collection Rates | |
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| Effectiveness of Restitution | |
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| Victim and Public Views Toward Restitution | |
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| Community Service | |
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| History of Community Service | |
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| The English Model | |
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| Purpose of Community Service | |
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| Prevalence of Community Service | |
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| Effectiveness of Community Service | |
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| Fines | |
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| Prevalence of Fines | |
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| Revoking Probation for Fine Nonpayment | |
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| Forfeitures | |
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| Day Fines | |
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| Evaluation of Day Fines | |
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| Fees and Costs | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Prisoner Reentry | |
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| The History of Parole: From Its Origin to the Present | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Origins of Parole | |
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| Manuel Montesinos | |
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| Georg Michael Obermaier | |
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| Alexander Maconochie | |
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| Transportation of English Prisoners to America | |
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| Transportation of English Prisoners to Australia | |
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| Marks System | |
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| Norfolk Island | |
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| Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish System | |
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| Development of Parole in the United States | |
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| Reward for Good Conduct | |
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| Postrelease Supervision | |
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| Zebulon R. Brockway and the Indeterminate Sentence | |
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| Reducing the Cost of Incarceration | |
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| The Medical Model: 1930-1960 | |
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| Changing Public Opinion | |
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| A Philosophical Change | |
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| Origins of Modern Determinate Sentencing | |
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| The Justice Model | |
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| Changing of the Guard: From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release | |
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| Parole Today | |
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| Characteristics of Parolees | |
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| Functions of Parole | |
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| Prison Population Control | |
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| Medical Parole | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Preparing for Prisoner Reentry: Discretionary Parole and Mandatory Release | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Issues in Reentry | |
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| The Prisoner's Family | |
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| The Victim's Role in Reentry | |
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| Reentry and the Community | |
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| Community-Based Reentry Initiatives | |
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| Reentry Courts | |
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| Types of Reentry | |
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| Eligibility for Parole | |
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| Time Sheets and Eligibility Dates | |
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| Prerelease Preparation within the Institution | |
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| The Parole Board | |
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| Term and Qualifications of the Parole Board | |
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| The Parole Hearing | |
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| Number of Parole Board Members | |
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| Recommendations and Attendees | |
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| Victim Participation in Parole Hearings | |
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| Models of Parole Release Decisions | |
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| The Surveillance Model | |
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| The Procedural Justice Model | |
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| The Risk Prediction Model | |
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| Due Process During Discretionary Parole Hearings | |
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| Menechino v. Oswald | |
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| Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex | |
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| State-Created Liberty Interest | |
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| Extending the Time Intervals between Parole Hearings | |
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| Prisoners' Perceptions of Parole Selection | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Parole Conditions and Revocation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Prisoner Perspectives on Getting Out | |
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| California Study | |
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| Iowa Study | |
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| The Field Parole Officer | |
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| The Officer's Perspective | |
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| Conditions of Parole | |
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| Legal Issues in Parole Conditions | |
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| Limited Parolee Rights | |
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| First Amendment Rights | |
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| Fourth Amendment Rights | |
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| Violating Parole | |
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| Warrants and Citations | |
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| Due Process Rights under "Preparole" | |
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| Characteristics of Parole Violators | |
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| Parole Revocation Rate | |
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| Reasons for Revocation | |
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| Why Have Revocation Rates Increased? | |
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| Attitudes on Revocation | |
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| Parole Absconders | |
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| Why Do Parolees Leave? | |
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| Type I Absconders: Benign | |
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| Type II Absconders: Menace to Society | |
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| Locating and Apprehending Fugitives | |
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| Predicting Absconding Behavior | |
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| Parole Effectiveness | |
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| Recidivism Studies | |
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| Predicting Parole Outcomes | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| Number of Prior Arrests | |
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| Supervision Versus No Supervision | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Special Issues in Community Corrections | |
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| Juvenile Justice, Probation, and Parole | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background and History | |
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| Mens Rea and Juveniles | |
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| Parens Patriae and Its Decline | |
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| Juvenile Justice and Adult Justice Systems Compared | |
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| Differences | |
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| Reality | |
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| Juvenile Courts | |
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| Created in the U.S.A. | |
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| Jurisdiction of Juvenile Courts | |
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| Based on Age | |
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| Based on Acts Committed | |
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| Differences from Adult Courts | |
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| Transfer from Juvenile Courts to Adult Courts | |
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| An Overview of the Juvenile Justice Process | |
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| Procedure before Adjudication | |
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| The Intake Stage | |
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| The Adjudication Stage | |
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| The Disposition Stage | |
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| Blended Sentences | |
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| Release from an Institution | |
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| In Re Gault: The Most Important Juvenile Justice Case | |
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| Juvenile Probation | |
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| Origin | |
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| Conditions of Probation | |
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| Judges Have Much Discretion | |
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| Types of Conditions | |
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| Supervision | |
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| Juvenile Probation Officers | |
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| Intensive Supervision Probation | |
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| School-Based Probation | |
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| Fare v. Michael C.: An Important Case in Juvenile Probation Supervision | |
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| The Probation Record of Juveniles | |
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| Juvenile Parole (Or Aftercare) | |
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| Background | |
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| Similarities with Probation | |
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| Differences from Probation | |
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| Parole Boards | |
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| Responsibilities of Juvenile Parole Officers | |
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| Evaluating Juvenile Parole Programs | |
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| Revocation of Juvenile Probation or Parole | |
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| No Standards for Revocation | |
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| Result of Revocation | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study Exercise | |
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| Collateral Consequences of Conviction, Pardon, and Restoration of Rights | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Civil and Political Rights Defined | |
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| Background of Civil Disabilities | |
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| Civil Disabilities Today | |
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| Differences by State | |
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| Other Differences | |
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| Civil and Political Rights Affected By Conviction | |
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| Loss of Right to Vote | |
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| Loss of Right to Serve on a Jury | |
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| Loss of Credibility As a Witness 343 Loss of the Right to Hold Public Office | |
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| Employment-Related Rights | |
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| Public Employment | |
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| Private Employment | |
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| Right to an Occupational License | |
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| Loss of Capacity to be Bonded | |
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| Loss of Good Moral Character | |
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| Loss of Right to Own or Possess a Firearm | |
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| Loss of Welfare Benefits | |
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| Loss of Parental Rights | |
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| Problems with Civil Disability Laws | |
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| Other Effects of Conviction | |
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| Sex Offender Registration Laws | |
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| Sex Offender Notification Laws | |
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| Involuntary Commitment of Sexual Predators | |
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| Social Stigmatization | |
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| Pardon | |
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| Definition and Purpose | |
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| The Power to Pardon | |
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| Kinds of Pardon | |
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| Procedure for Obtaining a Pardon | |
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| Legal Effects of a Pardon | |
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| Effects of a Pardon on Occupational Licensing | |
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| Restoration of Rights | |
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| Restoration upon Application | |
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| Automatic Restoration | |
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| Restoring the Right to Vote | |
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| Restoring Good Moral Character | |
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| Expungement of Criminal Records | |
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| Sealing of Criminal Records | |
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| Top Things You Should Know | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Websites | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Table of Cases | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |