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Introduction: Methods, Material, and Moments to Remember | |
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The What and How of Statistics | |
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A World of Information | |
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Levels of Measurement | |
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Samples and Populations | |
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The Purposes of Statistical Analysis | |
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Descriptive Statistics | |
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Inferential Statistics | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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Describing Data and Distributions | |
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Measures of Central Tendency | |
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The Mean | |
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The Median | |
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The Mode | |
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Measures of Variability or Dispersion | |
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The Range | |
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Deviations From the Mean | |
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The Mean Deviation | |
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The Variance | |
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The Standard Deviation | |
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n Versus n - 1 | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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The Shape of Distributions | |
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The Basic Elements | |
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Beyond the Basics: Comparisons and Conclusions | |
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A Special Curve | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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The Normal Curve | |
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Real-World Normal Curves | |
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Into the Theoretical World | |
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The Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve | |
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Finally, an Application | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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Four Fundamental Concepts | |
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Random Sampling | |
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Sampling Error | |
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The Sampling Distribution of Sample Means | |
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The Central Limit Theorem | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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Confidence Intervals | |
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Confidence Interval for the Mean | |
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Confidence Interval for the Mean With [sigma] Known | |
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An Application | |
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Reviewing Z Values | |
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Z Values and the Width of the Interval | |
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Bringing in the Standard Error of the Mean | |
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The Relevance of the Central Limit Theorem and the Standard Error | |
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Confidence and Interval Width | |
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A Brief Recap | |
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Confidence Interval for the Mean With [sigma] Unknown | |
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Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean | |
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The Family of t Distributions | |
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The Table for the Family of t Distributions | |
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An Application | |
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A Final Comment About the Interpretation of a Confidence Interval for the Mean | |
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A Final Comment About Z Versus t | |
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Confidence Intervals for Proportions | |
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An Application | |
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Margin of Error | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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Hypothesis Testing With a Single Sample Mean | |
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Setting the Stage | |
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A Hypothesis as a Statement of Your Expectations: The Case of the Null Hypothesis | |
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Single Sample Test With [sigma] Known | |
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Refining the Null and Phrasing It the Right Way | |
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The Logic of the Test | |
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Applying the Test | |
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Levels of Significance, Critical Values, and the Critical Region | |
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But What If ... | |
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But What If We're Wrong? | |
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Single Sample Test With [sigma] Unknown | |
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Applying the Test | |
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Some Variations on a Theme | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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Hypothesis Testing With Two Samples (Mean Difference and Difference of Means) | |
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Related Samples | |
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The Logic of the Test | |
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The Null Hypothesis | |
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Combining the Logic and the Null | |
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The Estimate of the Standard Error of the Mean Difference | |
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Applying the Test | |
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Interpreting the Results | |
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Some Additional Examples | |
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Independent Samples | |
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The Logic of the Test | |
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The Null Hypothesis | |
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Combining the Logic and the Null | |
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The Estimate of the Standard Error of the Difference of Means | |
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Applying the Test | |
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Interpreting the Results | |
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Some Additional Examples | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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Beyond the Null Hypothesis | |
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Research or Alternative Hypotheses | |
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One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Test Scenarios | |
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Testing a Non-directional Research Hypothesis | |
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Testing a Directional Research Hypothesis | |
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Power and Effect | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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Analysis of Variance | |
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The Logic of ANOVA | |
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From Curves to Data Distributions | |
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The Different Means | |
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From Different Means to Different Types of Variation | |
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The Null Hypothesis | |
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The Application | |
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Calculating the Within-Groups Sum of Squares (SS[subscript W]) | |
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Calculating the Between-Groups Sum of Squares (SS[subscript B]) | |
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From Sums of Squares to Estimates of Variance | |
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Calculating the F Ratio | |
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The Interpretation | |
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Interpretation of the F Ratio | |
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Post Hoc Testing | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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The Chi-Square Test | |
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The Chi-Square Test of Independence | |
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The Logic of the Test | |
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A Focus on the Departure From Chance | |
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The Null Hypothesis | |
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The Application | |
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The Formula | |
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The Calculation | |
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Conclusion and Interpretation | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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Correlation and Regression | |
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Scatter Plots | |
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Linear Associations: Direction and Strength | |
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Other Types of Association | |
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Correlation Analysis | |
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Two Variables: X and Y | |
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The Logic of Correlation | |
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The Formula for Pearson's r | |
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Application | |
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Interpretation | |
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An Additional Step: Testing the Null | |
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Conclusion and Interpretation | |
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Regression Analysis | |
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An Application | |
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The Logic of Prediction and the Line of Best Fit | |
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The Regression Equation | |
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The Standard Error of the Estimate | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Some Other Things You Should Know | |
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Key Terms | |
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Chapter Problems | |
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Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve (Distribution of Z) | |
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Family of t Distributions (Two-Tailed Test) | |
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Family of t Distributions (One-Tailed Test) | |
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Distribution of F (.05 Level of Significance) | |
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Distribution of F (.01 Level of Significance) | |
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Distribution of Q (.05 Level of Significance) | |
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Distribution of Q (.01 Level of Significance) | |
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Critical Values for Chi-Square (x[superscript 2]) | |
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Critical Values of r (Correlation Coefficient) | |
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Data Sets and Computer-Based Data Analysis | |
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It's Usually Starts With Rows and Columns | |
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Good News; Words of Caution; It's Up to You | |
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Some of the More Common Formulas Used in the Text | |
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Answers to Chapter Problems | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Index | |