| |
| |
| |
| General survey | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brownian Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Historical origins | |
| |
| |
| |
| (Erroneous) arguments against molecular origin | |
| |
| |
| |
| Visual response: time-dependence of noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Einstein's analysis: the "random walk" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atomic diffusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brownian Movement and irreversibility | |
| |
| |
| |
| The diffusion equation and viscosity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrical Brownian Movement and "shot-noise" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermal fluctuations (Brownian Movement) | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Shot-noise" and electronic charge | |
| |
| |
| |
| The observed noise: time-dependence and frequency response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Langevin's analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nyquist's theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Campbell's theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concluding Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Correlation, frequency spectrum, and distribution function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistically stationary variables | |
| |
| |
| |
| The autocorrelation function and the Wiener-Khintchine theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theorem of power-spectrum and displacement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application to Brownian Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Autocorrelation function from Langevin's equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power spectrum of velocity or current | |
| |
| |
| |
| Displacement in relation to power spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power spectrum of electrical fluctuations | |
| |
| |
| |
| A traffic problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Average "gain" and "loss" of vehicles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluctuations (disorder) of vehicles in group | |
| |
| |
| |
| A related electron-beam noise problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| The distribution function and the approach to equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| |
| The "Master Equation" | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Fokker-Planck equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffusion and the equilibrium distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| The approach to the equilibrium distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Displacement and power spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Irreversibility and the "microscopic" force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise in electric currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise in vacuum tubes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transit time effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space-charge reduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Flicker noise" | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Partition noise" | |
| |
| |
| |
| A random rectangular current | |
| |
| |
| Appendices | |
| |
| |
| |
| The mean and fluctuations of a Bernoulli distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alternative derivation of Einstein's Brownian Movement equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Proof of Campbell's theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
| The autocorrelation function for a random rectangular current, and the Poisson distribution | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |