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| Preface | |
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| Water and the Subsurface Environment | |
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| Groundwater Hydrology | |
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| Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle | |
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| Groundwater as a Resource | |
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| Groundwater and the Subsurface | |
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| The Near-Surface Environment | |
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| Soil | |
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| Porosity | |
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| Primary Porosity | |
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| Secondary Porosity | |
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| Soil Water | |
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| Groundwater Contamination | |
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| Naturally Occurring Groundwater Contaminants | |
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| Anthropogenic Contaminants | |
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| Superfund | |
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| Quantitative Analysis of Groundwater Problems | |
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| Governing Equations | |
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| Field Data | |
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| Behavior of Groundwater Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Fluid Flow and Mass Transport | |
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| Fluid Pressure | |
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| Hydraulic Head | |
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| Fluid Potential | |
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| Concept of Saturation | |
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| The Darcy Experiment | |
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| Extended Forms of Darcy's Law | |
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| Example of a Groundwater Flow Velocity Calculation in Two Dimensions | |
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| Additional Concepts of Fluid Potential | |
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| Fluid Flow and Mass and Energy Fluxes | |
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| Convection, Diffusion, and Dispersion | |
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| The Phenomena of Adsorption and Retardation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Geologic Setting | |
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| Unconsolidated Deposits | |
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| Clastic Sedimentary Environment | |
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| Precipitate Sedimentary Environment | |
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| Glacial Environments | |
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| Consolidated Rocks | |
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| Metamorphic Rocks | |
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| Igneous Rocks | |
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| Geologic Time | |
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| The Hadean Era | |
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| The Archaean Era | |
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| Proterozoic Era | |
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| Paleozoic Era | |
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| Mesozoic Era | |
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| Cenozoic Era | |
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| Field Investigation | |
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| Near-Surface Investigation | |
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| Deep Subsurface Investigation | |
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| The Hydrogeological Record | |
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| The Cross Section | |
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| The Contour Map | |
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| The Measurement of State Variables | |
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| Water-Level Measurements | |
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| Solute Concentration Measurements | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Water Movement in Geological Formations | |
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| Conservation of Fluid Mass | |
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| Conservation of Fluid Mass in a Porous Medium | |
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| Groundwater Flow Equations | |
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| The Governing Equation | |
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| Parameter Estimates | |
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| Boundary Conditions | |
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| Initial Conditions | |
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| Sources and Sinks | |
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| The Free-Surface Condition | |
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| Reduction in Dimensionality | |
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| Physical Dimensions of the Model | |
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| Vertical Integration of the Flow Equation | |
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| The Free-Surface Condition in the Areal Model | |
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| Salt-Water Intrusion | |
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| One-Dimensional Formulation | |
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| Cylindrical Coordinates | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Analytical Solutions for Flow Problems | |
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| One-dimensional Flow Problems | |
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| Darcy Column Experiments | |
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| One-Dimensional Regional Flow | |
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| Flow in Radial Coordinates | |
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| Two-dimensional Flow Problems | |
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| Graphical Solutions | |
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| Analytical Solutions in Two Dimensions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Well Hydraulics | |
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| The Slug Test | |
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| Hvorslev Method | |
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| Cooper-Bredehoeft-Papadopulos Approach | |
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| Pumping Tests | |
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| Thiem Method | |
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| Theis Method | |
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| Cooper-Jacob Method | |
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| Papadopulos-Cooper Method | |
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| Hantush Leaky Aquitard Method | |
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| Neuman Method for Unconfined Aquifers | |
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| Theis Recovery Method | |
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| Image Well Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Numerical Solutions of the Groundwater Flow Equation | |
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| Introduction to Numerical Method | |
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| Polynomial Approximation Theory | |
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| Finite-Difference Methods | |
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| Finite-Difference Representation of the Groundwater Flow Equation | |
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| Finite-Difference Method in Two Space Dimensions | |
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| Finite-Element Methods | |
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| Galerkin's Method | |
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| Two-Dimensional Finite-Element Formulation | |
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| Finite-Volume Formulation | |
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| Two-Dimensional Finite-Volume Formulation | |
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| Finite-Element Method and the Transient Flow Equation | |
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| Simulation Under Parameter Uncertainty | |
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| Introduction to Probability | |
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| Random Fields | |
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| The Semivariogram | |
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| Kriging | |
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| Solving Problems Involving Random Hydraulic Conductivity Fields | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Contamination of Subsurface Water | |
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| Types of Contaminants | |
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| Mass Conservation | |
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| Mass Conservation in a Porous Medium | |
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| The Dispersion Relationship | |
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| One-Dimensional Transport | |
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| Retardation | |
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| Chemical Reactions | |
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| Numerical Solution to the Groundwater Transport Equations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Groundwater-Surface-Water Interaction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fluid Dynamics Near the Stream | |
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| Bank Storage Effects | |
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| Influence of Pumping Wells | |
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| Hydrograph Separation | |
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| Chemical Interaction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Remediation | |
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| Pump-and-Treat | |
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| Inward-Gradient Approach | |
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| Risk-Based Approach | |
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| Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) | |
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| Air Sparing | |
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| Some Basic Chemistry | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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| Organic Chemistry | |
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| Permeable Reactive Barriers | |
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| Bioremediation | |
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| The Process | |
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| Bioremediation as a Remediation Concept | |
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| Optimal Design of Remediation and Management Strategies | |
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| Gradient-Constrained Pump-and-Treat Designs | |
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| Risk-Constrained Pump-and-Treat Designs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Multifluid Flow and Transport | |
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| Problems involving Multiple Fluids | |
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| Unsaturated Soils | |
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| Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids | |
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| Fluid Components and Groundwater Contamination | |
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| Governing Equations | |
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| Mass Balance Equations | |
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| Darcy's Law for Multifluid Flow | |
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| Capillary Pressure and Governing Equations | |
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| Functional Forms for Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure | |
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| Equation for Solid Phase | |
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| Equations for Components Within a Fluid | |
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| Equations for Components Within the Solid | |
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| Reactions, Mass Transfer, and Source/Sink Terms | |
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| The Unsaturated Zone and Richards' Equation | |
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| Properties of Air and Water and Richards' Assumption | |
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| Richards' Equation for Water Flow | |
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| Water and Air Dynamics in the Unsaturated Zone | |
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| Plant Roots and Evapotranspiration | |
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| Solution Methods: Multifluid Flow Equations | |
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| Simplified Solutions for Unsaturated Flow | |
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| Numerical Solution of Richards' Equation | |
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| Analytical Solutions for Two-Fluid Flow: The Buckley-Leverett Solution | |
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| Numerical Solutions for Two-Fluid Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |