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| Basic Concepts of Measurement Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Measurement System | |
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| Experimental Test Plan | |
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| Variables | |
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| Parameters | |
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| Noise and Interference | |
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| Random Tests | |
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| Replication and Repetition | |
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| Concomitant Methods | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Static Calibration | |
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| Dynamic Calibration | |
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| Static Sensitivity | |
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| Range | |
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| Accuracy | |
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| Precision and Bias Errors | |
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| Sequential Test | |
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| Random Test | |
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| Standards | |
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| Basic Dimensions and Their Units | |
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| Derived Units | |
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| Force | |
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| Other Units | |
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| Electrical Dimensions | |
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| Hierarchy of Standards | |
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| Test Standards | |
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| Presenting Data | |
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| Rectangular Coordinate Format | |
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| Semilog Coordinate Format | |
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| Full-Log Coordinate Format | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Signals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Input-Output Signal Concepts | |
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| Classification of Waveforms | |
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| Signal Waveforms | |
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| Signal Analysis | |
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| Effects of Signal-Averaging Period | |
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| DC Offset | |
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| Signal Amplitude and Frequency | |
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| Periodic Signals | |
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| Frequency Analysis | |
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| Fourier Series and Coefficients | |
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| Fourier Coefficients for Functions Having Arbitrary Periods | |
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| Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum | |
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| Discrete Fourier Transform | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Measurement System Behavior | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Model for a Measurement System | |
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| Dynamic Measurements | |
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| Measurement System Model | |
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| Special Cases of the General System Model | |
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| Zero-Order Systems | |
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| First-Order Systems | |
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| Second-Order Systems | |
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| Transfer Functions | |
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| Phase Linearity | |
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| Multiple-Function Inputs | |
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| Coupled Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Probability and Statistics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Statistical Measurement Theory | |
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| Probability Density Functions | |
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| Infinite Statistics | |
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| Finite Statistics | |
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| Standard Deviation of the Means | |
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| Pooled Statistics | |
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| Chi-Squared Distribution | |
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| Precision Interval in a Sample Variance | |
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| Goodness-of-Fit Test | |
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| Regression Analysis | |
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| Least-Squares Regression Analysis | |
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| Data Outlier Detection | |
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| Number of Measurements Required | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Uncertainty Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measurement Errors | |
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| Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis | |
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| Combining Elemental Errors: RSS method | |
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| Design-Stage Uncertainty | |
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| Error Sources | |
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| Calibration Errors | |
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| Data-Acquisition Errors | |
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| Data-Reduction Errors | |
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| Bias and Precision Errors | |
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| Bias Error | |
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| Precision Error | |
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| Uncertainty Analysis: Error Propagation | |
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| Propagation of Error | |
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| Advanced-Stage and Single-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis | |
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| Zero-Order Uncertainty | |
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| Higher-Order Uncertainty | |
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| Nth-Order Uncertainty | |
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| Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis | |
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| Propagation of Elemental Errors | |
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| Propagation of Uncertainty to a Result | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Analog Electrical Devices and Measurements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Analog Devices: Current Measurements | |
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| Direct Current | |
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| Alternating Current | |
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| Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements | |
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| Analog Meters | |
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| Oscilloscope | |
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| Potentiometer | |
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| Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements | |
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| Ohmmeter Circuits | |
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| Bridge Circuits | |
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| Loading Errors and Impedance Matching | |
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| Loading Errors for A Voltage Dividing Circuit | |
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| Interstage Loading Errors | |
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| Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers | |
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| Analog Signal Conditioning: Special Purpose Circuits | |
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| Analog Voltage Comparator | |
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| Sample and Hold Circuit | |
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| Charge Amplifier | |
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| Current Loop: 4-20 mA | |
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| Multivibrator and Flip-Flop Circuits | |
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| Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters | |
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| Butterworth Filter Design | |
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| Bessel Filter Design | |
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| Active Filters | |
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| Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires | |
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| Ground and Ground Loops | |
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| Shields | |
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| Connecting Wires | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Sampling, Digital Devices, and Data Acquisition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sampling Concepts | |
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| Sample Rate | |
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| Alias Frequencies | |
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| Amplitude Ambiguity | |
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| Selecting Sample Rate and Data Number | |
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| Digital Devices: Bits and Words | |
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| Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals | |
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| Voltage Measurements | |
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| Digital-to-Analog Converter | |
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| Analog-to-Digital Converter | |
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| Digital Voltmeters | |
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| Data-Acquisition Systems | |
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| Data-Acquisition System Components | |
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| Signal Conditioning: Filters and Amplification | |
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| Analog Multiplexers | |
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| A/D Converters | |
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| D/A Converters | |
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| Digital Input-Output | |
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| Central Processing Unit: Microprocessor | |
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| Memory | |
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| Central Bus | |
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| Buffers | |
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| Analog Input-Output Communication | |
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| Data-Acquisition Boards | |
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| Single- and Differential-Ended Connections | |
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| Special Signal Conditioning Modules | |
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| Data-Acquisition Triggering | |
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| Data Transfer | |
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| Digital Input-Output Communication | |
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| Serial Communications | |
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| Universal Serial Bus | |
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| Parallel Communications | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Temperature Measurements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Temperature Standards and Definition | |
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| Fixed-Point Temperatures and Interpolation | |
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| Temperature Scales and Standards | |
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| Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion | |
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| Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers | |
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| Bimetallic Thermometers | |
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| Electrical Resistance Thermometry | |
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| Resistance Temperature Detectors | |
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| Thermistors | |
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| Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement | |
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| Seebeck Effect | |
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| Peltier Effect | |
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| Thomson Effect | |
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| Fundamental Thermocouple Laws | |
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| Basic Temperature Measurement with Thermocouples | |
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| Thermocouple Standards | |
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| Thermocouple Voltage Measurement | |
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| Multiple-Junction Thermocouple Circuits | |
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| Data Acquisition Considerations | |
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| Radiative Temperature Measurements | |
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| Radiation Fundamentals | |
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| Radiation Detectors | |
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| Radiative Temperature Measurements | |
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| Optical Fiber Thermometers | |
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| Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement | |
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| Insertion Errors | |
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| Recovery Errors in Temperature Measurement | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Pressure and Velocity Measurements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pressure Concepts | |
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| Pressure Reference Instruments | |
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| McLeod Gauge | |
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| Barometer | |
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| Manometers | |
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| Deadweight Testers | |
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| Pressure Transducers | |
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| Bourdon Tube | |
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| Bellows and Capsule | |
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| Diaphragms | |
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| Pressure Transducer Calibration | |
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| Static Calibration | |
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| Dynamic Calibration | |
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| Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids | |
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| Total Pressure Measurement | |
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| Static Pressure Measurement | |
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| Design and Installation: Transmission Effects | |
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| Gases | |
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| Liquids | |
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| Heavily Damped Systems | |
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| Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems | |
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| Pitot-Static Pressure Probe | |
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| Thermal Anemometry | |
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| Doppler Anemometry | |
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| Selection of Velocity Measuring Methods | |
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| Laser Doppler Anemometers | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Flow Measurements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Comments | |
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| Flow Rate Concepts | |
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| Volume Flow Rate Through Velocity Determination | |
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| Pressure Differential Meters | |
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| Obstruction Meters | |
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| Orifice Meter | |
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| Venturi Meter | |
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| Flow Nozzles | |
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| Sonic Nozzles | |
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| Obstruction Meter Selection | |
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| Laminar Flow Elements | |
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| Insertion Volume Flow Meters | |
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| Electromagnetic Flow Meters | |
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| Vortex Shedding Meters | |
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| Rotameters | |
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| Turbine Meters | |
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| Positive-Displacement Meters | |
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| Mass Flow Meters | |
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| Thermal Flow Meter | |
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| Coriolis Flow Meter | |
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| Flow Meter Calibration and Standards | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Strain Measurement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stress and Strain | |
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| Resistance Strain Gauges | |
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| Metallic Gauges | |
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| Semiconductor Strain Gauges | |
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| Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits | |
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| Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement | |
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| The Multiple Gauge Bridge | |
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| Bridge Constant | |
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| Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation | |
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| Construction and Installation | |
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| Analysis of Strain Gauge Data | |
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| Signal Conditioning | |
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| Uncertainties in Multichannel Measurements | |
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| Optical Strain Measuring Techniques | |
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| Basic Characteristics of Light | |
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| Photoelastic Measurement | |
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| Moire Methods | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Metrology, Motion, Force, and Power Measurements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dimensional Measurements: Metrology | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Principles of Linear Measurement | |
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| Optical Methods | |
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| Displacement Measurements | |
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| Potentiometers | |
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| Linear Variable Differential Transformers | |
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| Measurement of Mass | |
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| Measurement of Acceleration and Vibration | |
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| Seismic Transducer | |
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| Transducers for Shock and Vibration Measurement | |
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| Velocity Measurements | |
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| Linear Velocity Measurements | |
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| Velocity from Displacement or Acceleration | |
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| Moving Coil Transducers | |
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| Angular Velocity Measurements | |
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| Force Measurement | |
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| Load Cells | |
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| Torque Measurements | |
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| Measurement of Torque on Rotating Shafts | |
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| Mechanical Power Measurements | |
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| Rotational Speed, Torque, and Shaft Power | |
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| Cradled Dynamometers | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Problems | |
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| A Guide for Technical Writing | |
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| Property Data and Conversion Factors | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |