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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tomorrow is too Late! | |
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| Environmental Statistics | |
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| Some Examples | |
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| 'Getting it all together' | |
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| 'In time and space' | |
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| 'Keep it simple' | |
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| 'How much can we take?' | |
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| 'Over the top' | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Extremal Stresses: Extremes, Outliers, Robustness | |
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| Ordering and Extremes: Applications, models, inference | |
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| Ordering the Sample | |
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| Order statistics | |
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| Order-based Inference | |
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| Extremes and Extremal Processes | |
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| Practical study and empirical models; generalized extreme-value distributions | |
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| Peaks over Thresholds and the Generalized Pareto Distribution | |
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| Outliers and Robustness | |
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| What is an Outlier? | |
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| Outlier Aims and Objectives | |
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| Outlier-Generating Models | |
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| Discordancy and models for outlier generation | |
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| Tests of discordancy for specific distributions | |
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| Multiple Outliers: Masking and Swamping | |
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| Accommodation: Outlier-Robust Methods | |
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| A Possible New Approach to Outliers | |
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| Multivariate Outliers | |
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| Detecting Multivariate Outliers | |
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| Principles | |
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| Informal methods | |
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| Tests of Discordancy | |
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| Accommodation | |
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| Outliers in linear models | |
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| Robustness in General | |
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| Collecting environmental data: Sampling and monitoring | |
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| Finite-Population Sampling | |
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| A Probabilistic Sampling Scheme | |
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| Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Estimating the mean, X | |
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| Estimating the variance, S[superscript 2] | |
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| Choice of sample size, n | |
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| Estimating the population total, X[subscript T] | |
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| Estimating a proportion, P | |
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| Ratios and Ratio Estimators | |
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| The estimation of a ratio | |
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| Ratio estimator of a population total or mean | |
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| Stratified (simple) Random Sampling | |
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| Comparing the simple random sample mean and the stratified sample mean | |
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| Choice of sample sizes | |
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| Comparison of proportional allocation and optimum allocation | |
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| Optimum allocation for estimating proportions | |
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| Developments of Survey Sampling | |
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| Inaccessible and Sensitive Data | |
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| Encountered Data | |
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| Length-Biased or Size-Biased Sampling and Weighted Distributions | |
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| Weighted distribution methods | |
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| Composite Sampling | |
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| Attribute Sampling | |
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| Continuous variables | |
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| Estimating mean and variance | |
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| Ranked-Set Sampling | |
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| The ranked-set sample mean | |
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| Optimal estimation | |
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| Ranked-set sampling for normal and exponential distributions | |
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| Imperfect ordering | |
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| Sampling in the Wild | |
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| Quadrat Sampling | |
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| Recapture Sampling | |
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| The Petersen and Chapman estimators | |
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| Capture-recapture methods in open populations | |
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| Transect Sampling | |
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| The simplest case: strip transects | |
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| Using a detectability function | |
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| Estimating f(y) | |
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| Modifications of approach | |
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| Point transects or variable circular plots | |
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| Adaptive Sampling | |
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| Simple models for adaptive sampling | |
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| Examining environmental effects: Stimulus--response relationships | |
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| Relationship: regression-type models and methods | |
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| Linear Models | |
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| The linear model | |
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| The extended linear model | |
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| The normal linear model | |
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| Transformations | |
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| Looking at the data | |
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| Simple transformations | |
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| General transformations | |
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| The Generalized Linear Model | |
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| Special Relationship Models, Including Quantal Response and Repeated Measures | |
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| Toxicology Concerns | |
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| Quantal Response | |
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| Bioassay | |
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| Repeated Measures | |
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| Standards and Regulations | |
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| Environmental Standards | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Statistically Verifiable Ideal Standard | |
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| Other sampling methods | |
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| Guard Point Standards | |
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| Standards Along the Cause-Effect Chain | |
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| A many-dimensional environment: Spatial and temporal processes | |
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| Time-Series Methods | |
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| Space and Time Effects | |
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| Time Series | |
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| Basic Issues | |
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| Descriptive Methods | |
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| Estimating or eliminating trend | |
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| Periodicities | |
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| Stationary time series | |
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| Time-Domain Models and Methods | |
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| Frequency-Domain Models and Methods | |
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| Properties of the spectral representation | |
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| Outliers in time series | |
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| Point Processes | |
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| The Poisson process | |
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| Other point processes | |
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| Spatial Methods for Environmental Processes | |
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| Spatial Point Process Models and Methods | |
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| The General Spatial Process | |
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| Predication, interpolation and kriging | |
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| Estimation of the variogram | |
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| Other forms of kriging | |
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| More about Standards Over Space and Time | |
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| Relationship | |
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| More about Spatial Models | |
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| Types of spatial model | |
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| Harmonic analysis of spatial processes | |
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| Spatial Sampling and Spatial Design | |
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| Spatial sampling | |
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| Spatial design | |
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| Spatial-Temporal Models and Methods | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |