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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Contributors | |
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| Foundational Concepts | |
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| Biological Psychiatry Sketched--Past, Present, and Future | |
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| Overture | |
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| Historical Overview | |
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| Three Giants of the First Half of the 20th Century | |
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| Three Great Phases of 20th-Century American Psychiatry | |
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| About 1910-1940: The Meyerian Synthesis of a Holistic Psychobiology | |
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| World War II through the 1970s: The Psychoanalytic Era | |
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| Ultrapositivistic Psychopharmacology Era (1970-Present) | |
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| Dilemma of Psychiatric Diagnostics: DSMs and Beyond | |
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| Functions of Diagnostics | |
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| From Pathophysiology to Pathogenesis | |
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| Perennial Problem: Distinguishing Affective and Cognitive Processes | |
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| Coda: Intersection of 20th-Century Forces Leading to a 21st-Century Synthesis | |
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| References | |
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| Imaging Human Emotions and Affective Feelings: Implications for Biological Psychiatry | |
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| On the Nature of Emotions | |
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| Emotional Changes Following Brain Damage | |
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| Neuroimaging Studies of Emotion | |
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| Brain Changes as a Function of Emotional States | |
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| Reciprocity of Human Cortico-Limbic Activity | |
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| Basic Emotional Operating Systems of the Brain: Animal Studies | |
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| Generating Emotional Feelings through Upper Brainstem-Limbic and Cortical Interactions | |
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| Conclusions and Some Psychiatric Implications | |
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| References | |
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| Neural Substrates of Consciousness: Implications for Clinical Psychiatry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dualism versus Emergent Properties | |
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| Nosology: Core versus Extended Consciousness | |
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| Classical Work on the Neural Substrates of Consciousness | |
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| Recent Work on the Neural Substrates of Consciousness: Brief Overview of Anatomical, Connectivity, Neuromodulatory, and Neurodynamic Aspects | |
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| Case Study 1: Delirium--A Common Disorder of Attentional Function and Working Memory | |
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| Neuroanatomical Systems and Consciousness--Basic Lesion/Functional Correlates | |
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| Thalamic Systems | |
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| Cortical Systems | |
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| Two Case Studies of Mesodiencephalic Lesions | |
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| Neurodynamic Aspects of Consciousness | |
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| Summary Heuristics/Questions for Future Research | |
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| References | |
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| Stress, Sleep, and Sexuality in Psychiatric Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theoretical Framework for Understanding Stress Responsive Systems | |
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| Diathesis-Stress Models | |
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| Stress Responsive Systems | |
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| Integrative Role for Brain Cytokines | |
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| Sexuality and the Passions of the Brain | |
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| Sleep, Stress and the Restoration of Brain and Mind | |
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| References | |
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| Psychobiology of Personality Disorders | |
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| Overview | |
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| What Are Personality Disorders? | |
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| What Is Personality? | |
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| How Are Personality Disorders And Personality Related? | |
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| What Leads to "Disordered Personality"? | |
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| How Can "Disordered Personality" Be Treated? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Postscript: A View to the Future | |
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| References | |
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| Functional Neuroimaging in Psychiatry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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| PET and SPECT | |
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| Studies of Cerebral Metabolism and Blood Flow | |
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| Neurotransmitter Imaging Studies | |
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| Future Directions and Challenges | |
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| References | |
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| Core Psychiatric Challenges | |
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| Depression: A Neuropsychiatric Perspective | |
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| Diagnostic and Clinical Features | |
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| Treatment Options | |
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| Syndromal Markers | |
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| Biochemical Markers | |
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| Animal Models | |
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| Regional Brain Markers | |
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| References | |
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| Treatment of Mood Disorders | |
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| Overview | |
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| Classification | |
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| General Treatment Principles | |
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| Antidepressants | |
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| Somatic Treatments for Major Depression | |
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| Antimanic and Mood Stabilizers | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Neuroscience of Schizophrenia | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Environmental Risks | |
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| Course of Illness | |
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| Neuropathological Abnormalities | |
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| Neurocognitive Problems | |
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| Neuropsychiatric Syndromes | |
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| Neurochemical Abnormalities | |
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| Animal Models | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Targets of Pharmacological Treatment | |
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| Pharmacological Treatment | |
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| Course of Treatment | |
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| Combining Several Medications | |
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| Future Trends | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Psychobiology | |
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| Psychophysiological Effects of Trauma | |
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| Lessons from Neuroimaging | |
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| Implications for Treatment | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Nature and Treatment of Panic Disorder | |
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| Defining the Syndrome of Panic Disorder | |
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| Course of Panic Disorder | |
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| Basic Models of the Etiology of Panic Disorder | |
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| Treatment of Panic Disorder | |
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| Long-Term Outcome of Treatment Trials for Panic Disorder | |
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| References | |
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| Nature and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Epidemiology | |
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| Clinical Presentation | |
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| Comorbidity | |
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| The OCD Spectrum | |
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| Neurobiology | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Biological Basis of Childhood Neuropsychiatric Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Specific Genetic Syndromes | |
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| Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia | |
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| Disorders of Impulse Control | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Aging and Dementia | |
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| History | |
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| Cognition and Memory in Normal Aging | |
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| Mild Cognitive Impairment | |
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| Definition of Dementia | |
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| Diagnosis of Dementia | |
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| Some Major Causes of the Syndrome of Dementia | |
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| Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Frontotemporal Dementia | |
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| Vascular Dementia | |
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| Dementia with Lewy Bodies | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Future Prospects | |
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| Emerging Neuroscience of Fear and Anxiety: Therapeutic Practice and Clinical Implications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Subcortical FEAR System of the Mammalian Brain: The "Royal Road" to Understanding the Nature of Angst | |
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| Treatment of Anxiety in Clinical Practice | |
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| Dispersion and Functions of Fear Systems in the Brain: Continuing Studies of the Neuroanatomy of FEAR | |
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| Experiential-Affective Attributes of Fear and Anxiety | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Somatic Treatments in Psychiatry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electroconvulsive Therapy | |
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| Magnetic Seizure Therapy | |
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| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | |
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| Vagus Nerve Stimulation | |
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| Deep Brain Stimulation | |
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| Psychiatric Neurosurgery | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| References | |
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| Psychoanalysis and Psychopharmacology: Art and Science of Combining Paradigms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition of Psychoanalytic Concepts | |
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| Challenge of Combining Paradigms | |
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| Future Prospects | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Depth Psychological Consequences of Brain Damage | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Depth Neuropsychology and Issues of Methodology | |
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| Prevalence of Psychological Changes in Neurological Patients | |
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| Lesions to the Left Convexity | |
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| Ventromesial Frontal Lobes | |
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| Confabulation and the Neurobiology of Emotion Systems | |
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| Lesions to the Right Convexity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Sociophysiology and Evolutionary Aspects of Psychiatry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Relevant Evolutionary Concepts | |
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| Sociobiological Factors of Ultimate Causation | |
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| Psychiatric Pathogenesis as Communicational Disorder | |
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| Research on Substance Abuse and Social Rank Hierarchy | |
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| Preliminary Treatment Implications | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Future of Neuropeptides in Biological Psychiatry and Emotional Psychopharmacology: Goals and Strategies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Neuropeptide Medicines: Still Waiting in the Wings | |
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| Emotional Foundations of Psychiatric Disorders | |
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| Neuropeptides in Psychiatric Disorders | |
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| Affective Foundations of Psychiatric Disorders and the Neurochemical Coding of Emotions | |
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| Two Childhood Disorders: Debatable Examples of Neuropeptide and Neurobehavioral Approaches | |
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| Neurotrophins and Psychiatric Disorders | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pharmacodynamics: What Can the Drug Do to the Body? | |
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| Pharmacokinetics: What Can Happen to a Drug in the Body? | |
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| Drug interactions, Tolerance, and Dependence | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Index | |