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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Geographical Information Systems and Graphical Information | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Socioeconomic Challenges | |
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| Benefits of Computerizing Information | |
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| Users of GIS | |
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| Historical Development: Geographical Data and GIS | |
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| Early Developments | |
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| First Automatic Processing of Geographical Information | |
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| The Microprocessor | |
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| Recent Developments | |
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| From the Real World to GIS | |
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| The Real World | |
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| Real-World Model | |
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| Data Model | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| From Database to GIS to Map | |
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| Extension of the Traditional GIS Data Model | |
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| Conceptual Generalization | |
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| Role of Maps in Data Modeling | |
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| Extension of the Reality Concept | |
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| Basic Data Models | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Vector Data Model | |
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| Raster Data Models | |
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| Automatic Conversion Between Vector and Raster Models | |
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| Vector Versus Raster Models | |
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| Attribute Data and Computer Registers | |
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| Linking Digital Map and Attribute Information | |
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| Advanced Data Models | |
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| Terrain Surface Representation | |
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| Three-dimensional Objects | |
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| Representation of Time | |
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| Models for Movable Objects | |
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| Combination of Models | |
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| Georeferencing Systems | |
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| Datum | |
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| Coordinate Systems | |
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| Map Projection | |
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| UTM | |
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| Coordinate Conversion and Transformation | |
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| Elevation Referencing | |
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| Relative Georeferencing | |
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| Discrete Georeferencing Systems | |
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| Hardware and Communication Technology for GIS Applications | |
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| Computers | |
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| Networks | |
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| Displays | |
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| Quantizers | |
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| Plotters and Other Output Devices | |
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| Basic Software and Databases for GIS | |
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| The Foundation Stones of GIS Software | |
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| Operating Systems | |
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| Communications Between Users and Computers | |
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| Database Management Systems | |
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| Computer-Aided Design | |
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| Multimedia | |
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| World Wide Web | |
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| User Requirements | |
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| Working Environment | |
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| Data Collection I | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Digitizing Maps | |
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| Scanning | |
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| Manual Digitizing or Scanning | |
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| Aerial Photographs and Photo Interpretation | |
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| Remote Sensing | |
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| Data Collection II | |
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| Surveying | |
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| Satellite Positioning System | |
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| Photogrammetric Mapping | |
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| Collection of Attribute Data | |
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| Text Data | |
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| Data Quality | |
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| Selection Criteria | |
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| Measuring Accuracy and Precision | |
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| Resolution and Sampling Rate | |
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| Data Storage Precision | |
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| Positional Accuracy | |
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| Attribute Data Accuracy | |
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| Temporal Accuracy | |
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| Logical Consistency | |
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| Completeness | |
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| Data Quality Overview Elements | |
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| Accessibility | |
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| Probable Sources of Error | |
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| Quality Control | |
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| Database Implementation and Spatial Indexing | |
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| Database | |
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| Distributed Databases | |
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| Databases for Map Data and Indexing | |
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| Partitioning and Indexing | |
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| Database Design | |
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| Housekeeping Tools | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Data-Entry Functions | |
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| Importing Existing Digital Data | |
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| Organization of Data Storage Operations | |
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| Functions for Correcting and Adapting Geometric Data for Further Use | |
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| Editing and Correcting Attribute Data | |
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| Basic Spatial Analysis | |
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| Analysis of Spatial Information | |
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| Logic Operations | |
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| General Arithmetic Operations | |
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| General Statistical Operations | |
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| Geometric Operations | |
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| Search and Report Generation from Attribute Data | |
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| Geometric Data Search and Retrieval | |
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| Complex Operations of Attribute Data | |
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| Classification and Reclassification | |
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| Integrated Processing of Geometry and Attributes | |
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| Overlay | |
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| Buffer Zones | |
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| Raster Data Overlay | |
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| Procedures in Integ | |