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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Ergonomics Design Philosophy | |
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| Ergonomics and Human Factors | |
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| The Scope and Purpose of This Book | |
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| Definitions | |
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| The Benefits of Ergonomics and Human Factors | |
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| Ergonomics at Eastman Kodak Company | |
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| Ergonomics Program Characteristics in Other Companies | |
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| Influences on Ergonomics Programs | |
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| Regulatory Influences | |
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| Participatory Ergonomics | |
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| Specific Ergonomics Process Issues | |
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| Program Examples | |
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| Some Program/Process Traps to Avoid | |
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| Summary | |
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| An Ergonomics Problem-Solving Technique | |
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| Background | |
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| Sources Contributing to This Problem-Solving Technique | |
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| The Problem-Solving Process | |
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| For Whom Do We Design? | |
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| Accommodate the Functional Capacities and Capabilities of a Large Majority of the Potential Workforce | |
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| Why Design for the Large Majority? | |
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| Determining Whom to Design for So Most People Can Work Comfortably | |
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| Designing to Accommodate the Needs of Employees with Disabilities or Reduced Work Capacities | |
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| Design of Lifting Tasks for People with Low Back Disorders | |
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| Capacity and Capability Data | |
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| Anthropometric Data | |
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| United States and International Standards Related to Ergonomics | |
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| Internet Locations for European and International Standards | |
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| International Standards | |
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| European Standards | |
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| United Kingdom (UK) | |
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| United States of America (USA) | |
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| Canada | |
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| Australia | |
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| Evaluation of Job Demands | |
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| Principles | |
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| Biomechanics | |
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| Dynamic Motion | |
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| Static Muscle Work | |
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| Dynamic Work | |
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| Psychophysical Scaling Methods | |
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| Analysis Methods | |
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| Qualitative Methods | |
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| Semiquantitative Methods | |
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| Quantitative Methods | |
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| Workplace Design | |
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| General Workplace Layout and Dimensions | |
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| Sitting Workplaces | |
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| Standing Workplaces | |
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| Computer Workstations | |
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| Selection of Computer Equipment | |
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| Workstation Design | |
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| Workstation Layout | |
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| Laboratories | |
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| General Principles of Laboratory Bench Design | |
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| Containment Cabinets and Glove Boxes | |
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| Microscope Workstations | |
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| Liquid Dispensing Stations | |
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| Visual Work Dimensions | |
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| Visual Field | |
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| Viewing Angle | |
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| Viewing Distance | |
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| Size of Visual Targets | |
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| Floors, Ramps, and Stairs | |
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| Floors | |
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| Ramps | |
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| Stairs and Ladders | |
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| Conveyors | |
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| Adjustable Workstations | |
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| Adjusting the Workplace | |
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| Adjusting the Person Relative to the Workplace | |
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| Adjusting the Workpiece or the Product | |
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| Adjusting the Tool (Design and Location of Tools) | |
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| Equipment Design | |
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| Overall Considerations | |
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| Physical Capability | |
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| Environment and Safety | |
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| Maintainability | |
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| Areas to Consider When Planning Maintainability Requirements | |
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| Design of Displays | |
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| Modes of Display | |
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| Equipment Visual Displays | |
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| Installation of Displays | |
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| Design of Controls | |
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| Behavioral Stereotypes | |
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| Design, Selection, and Location of Controls | |
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| Computer Input Devices | |
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| Computer Interface Controls | |
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| Tool Design | |
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| Postural Stress and Muscle Fatigue During Tool Use | |
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| Pressure Points on the Hand | |
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| Safety Aspects of Hand Tool Design | |
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| Design and Selection Recommendations for Hand Tools | |
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| Special-Purpose Tools | |
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| Evaluation and Selection of Equipment | |
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| Human Reliability and Information Transfer | |
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| Human Reliability | |
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| Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) Techniques | |
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| Cautions When Using HRAs | |
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| Information Transfer | |
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| Warnings | |
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| Instructions | |
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| Coding | |
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| Forms and Surveys | |
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| Labels and Signs | |
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| Work Design | |
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| Organizational Factors in Work Design | |
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| The Importance of Organizational Factors in Work Design | |
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| Guidelines to Improve the Organizational Factors in Job Design | |
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| Hours of Work: Shift Work and Overtime | |
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| Introduction and Regulations | |
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| Shift Work and Employee Health and Safety | |
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| 8-Hour shifts Versus 12-Hour shifts | |
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| Overtime Considerations | |
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| Aging Considerations | |
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| Shift Work Characteristics | |
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| The Shift Work Design and Redesign Process | |
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| Case Study: Shift Schedule Redesign Project | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Ergonomic Work Design | |
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| Goals in the Design of Jobs | |
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| The Measurement of Work Capacities | |
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| Designing to Minimize Fatigue | |
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| The Design of Repetitive Work | |
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| Job Risk Factors | |
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| Individual Risk Factors | |
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| Guidelines for the Design of Repetitive Work | |
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| Management of MSDs in the Workplace | |
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| Special Considerations: Design of Ultra-Short-Cycle Tasks | |
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| The Design of Visual Inspection Tasks | |
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| Measures of Inspection Performance | |
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| Individual Factors | |
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| Physical and Environmental Factors | |
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| Task Factors | |
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| Organizational Factors | |
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| Guidelines to Improve Inspection Performance | |
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| Ergonomics in the Construction Industry | |
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| The Need for Ergonomics in the Construction Industry | |
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| Construction Job Factors and MSDs | |
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| Responsibility for Ergonomics | |
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| Controlling Risk Factor Exposure | |
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| Ergonomics Interventions in Construction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Work Design in Laboratory and Computer Workplaces | |
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| Laboratory Task Design: Pipetting | |
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| Work Patterns in Computer Tasks | |
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| Manual Handling in Occupational Tasks | |
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| Background: Manual Handling and Musculoskeletal Injuries and Illnesses | |
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| Types of Musculoskeletal Overexertion Injuries Seen in Manual Handling Tasks | |
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| Strategies to Reduce Manual Handling Risk Factors | |
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| Guidelines For the Design of Manual Lifting Tasks | |
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| Factors That Contribute to Acceptable Weights for Lifting | |
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| Guidelines for the Design of Occasional Lifts | |
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| Guidelines for the Design of Frequent Lifting Tasks | |
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| Guidelines for the Design of Carrying Tasks, Shoveling, and One-Handed Lifting Tasks | |
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| Special Considerations in Manual Lifting Task Design | |
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| The Design of Force Exertion Tasks | |
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| Horizontal Forces Away from and Toward the Handler: Hand Cart and Truck Design Guidelines | |
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| Other Horizontal Forces: Overhead, Seated, and Kneeling | |
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| Vertical Pushing and Pulling | |
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| Transverse or Lateral Forces Applied Horizontally | |
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| Environment | |
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| Lighting and Color | |
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| Visual Work Demands | |
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| Basic Light Terminology | |
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| Recommended Illuminance Levels | |
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| Quality Issues | |
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| Lighting Design | |
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| Special Lighting Conditions | |
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| Color | |
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| Noise | |
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| Hearing Loss | |
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| Annoyance and Distraction | |
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| Interference with Communication | |
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| Measuring Noise Levels | |
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| Performance Effects of Noise | |
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| Approaches to Reducing Noise in the Workplace | |
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| Special Considerations | |
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| Thermal Environments | |
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| Thermal Balance | |
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| Thermal Comfort | |
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| Warm Discomfort and Heat Stress | |
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| Cool Discomfort and Cold Stress | |
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| Vibration | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measurement of Vibration | |
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| Resonance | |
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| Evaluation of Human Vibration | |
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| Vibration Reduction and Control | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |