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Basic Concepts of Measurement Methods | |
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Introduction | |
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General Measurement System | |
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Experimental Test Plan | |
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Variables | |
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Parameters | |
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Noise and Interference | |
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Random Tests | |
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Replication and Repetition | |
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Concomitant Methods | |
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Calibration | |
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Static Calibration | |
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Dynamic Calibration | |
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Static Sensitivity | |
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Range | |
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Accuracy | |
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Precision and Bias Errors | |
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Sequential Test | |
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Random Test | |
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Standards | |
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Basic Dimensions and Their Units | |
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Derived Units | |
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Force | |
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Other Units | |
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Electrical Dimensions | |
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Hierarchy of Standards | |
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Test Standards | |
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Presenting Data | |
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Rectangular Coordinate Format | |
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Semilog Coordinate Format | |
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Full-Log Coordinate Format | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Signals | |
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Introduction | |
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Input-Output Signal Concepts | |
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Classification of Waveforms | |
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Signal Waveforms | |
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Signal Analysis | |
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Effects of Signal-Averaging Period | |
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DC Offset | |
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Signal Amplitude and Frequency | |
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Periodic Signals | |
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Frequency Analysis | |
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Fourier Series and Coefficients | |
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Fourier Coefficients for Functions Having Arbitrary Periods | |
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Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum | |
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Discrete Fourier Transform | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Measurement System Behavior | |
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Introduction | |
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General Model for a Measurement System | |
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Dynamic Measurements | |
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Measurement System Model | |
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Special Cases of the General System Model | |
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Zero-Order Systems | |
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First-Order Systems | |
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Second-Order Systems | |
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Transfer Functions | |
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Phase Linearity | |
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Multiple-Function Inputs | |
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Coupled Systems | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Probability and Statistics | |
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Introduction | |
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Statistical Measurement Theory | |
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Probability Density Functions | |
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Infinite Statistics | |
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Finite Statistics | |
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Standard Deviation of the Means | |
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Pooled Statistics | |
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Chi-Squared Distribution | |
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Precision Interval in a Sample Variance | |
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Goodness-of-Fit Test | |
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Regression Analysis | |
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Least-Squares Regression Analysis | |
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Data Outlier Detection | |
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Number of Measurements Required | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Uncertainty Analysis | |
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Introduction | |
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Measurement Errors | |
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Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis | |
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Combining Elemental Errors: RSS method | |
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Design-Stage Uncertainty | |
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Error Sources | |
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Calibration Errors | |
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Data-Acquisition Errors | |
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Data-Reduction Errors | |
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Bias and Precision Errors | |
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Bias Error | |
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Precision Error | |
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Uncertainty Analysis: Error Propagation | |
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Propagation of Error | |
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Advanced-Stage and Single-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis | |
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Zero-Order Uncertainty | |
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Higher-Order Uncertainty | |
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Nth-Order Uncertainty | |
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Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis | |
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Propagation of Elemental Errors | |
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Propagation of Uncertainty to a Result | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Analog Electrical Devices and Measurements | |
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Introduction | |
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Analog Devices: Current Measurements | |
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Direct Current | |
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Alternating Current | |
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Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements | |
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Analog Meters | |
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Oscilloscope | |
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Potentiometer | |
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Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements | |
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Ohmmeter Circuits | |
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Bridge Circuits | |
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Loading Errors and Impedance Matching | |
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Loading Errors for A Voltage Dividing Circuit | |
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Interstage Loading Errors | |
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Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers | |
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Analog Signal Conditioning: Special Purpose Circuits | |
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Analog Voltage Comparator | |
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Sample and Hold Circuit | |
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Charge Amplifier | |
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Current Loop: 4-20 mA | |
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Multivibrator and Flip-Flop Circuits | |
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Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters | |
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Butterworth Filter Design | |
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Bessel Filter Design | |
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Active Filters | |
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Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires | |
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Ground and Ground Loops | |
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Shields | |
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Connecting Wires | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Sampling, Digital Devices, and Data Acquisition | |
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Introduction | |
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Sampling Concepts | |
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Sample Rate | |
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Alias Frequencies | |
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Amplitude Ambiguity | |
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Selecting Sample Rate and Data Number | |
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Digital Devices: Bits and Words | |
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Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals | |
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Voltage Measurements | |
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Digital-to-Analog Converter | |
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Analog-to-Digital Converter | |
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Digital Voltmeters | |
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Data-Acquisition Systems | |
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Data-Acquisition System Components | |
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Signal Conditioning: Filters and Amplification | |
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Analog Multiplexers | |
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A/D Converters | |
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D/A Converters | |
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Digital Input-Output | |
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Central Processing Unit: Microprocessor | |
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Memory | |
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Central Bus | |
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Buffers | |
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Analog Input-Output Communication | |
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Data-Acquisition Boards | |
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Single- and Differential-Ended Connections | |
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Special Signal Conditioning Modules | |
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Data-Acquisition Triggering | |
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Data Transfer | |
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Digital Input-Output Communication | |
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Serial Communications | |
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Universal Serial Bus | |
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Parallel Communications | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Temperature Measurements | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical Background | |
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Temperature Standards and Definition | |
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Fixed-Point Temperatures and Interpolation | |
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Temperature Scales and Standards | |
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Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion | |
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Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers | |
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Bimetallic Thermometers | |
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Electrical Resistance Thermometry | |
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Resistance Temperature Detectors | |
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Thermistors | |
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Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement | |
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Seebeck Effect | |
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Peltier Effect | |
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Thomson Effect | |
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Fundamental Thermocouple Laws | |
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Basic Temperature Measurement with Thermocouples | |
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Thermocouple Standards | |
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Thermocouple Voltage Measurement | |
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Multiple-Junction Thermocouple Circuits | |
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Data Acquisition Considerations | |
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Radiative Temperature Measurements | |
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Radiation Fundamentals | |
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Radiation Detectors | |
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Radiative Temperature Measurements | |
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Optical Fiber Thermometers | |
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Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement | |
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Insertion Errors | |
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Recovery Errors in Temperature Measurement | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Pressure and Velocity Measurements | |
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Introduction | |
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Pressure Concepts | |
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Pressure Reference Instruments | |
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McLeod Gauge | |
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Barometer | |
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Manometers | |
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Deadweight Testers | |
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Pressure Transducers | |
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Bourdon Tube | |
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Bellows and Capsule | |
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Diaphragms | |
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Pressure Transducer Calibration | |
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Static Calibration | |
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Dynamic Calibration | |
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Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids | |
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Total Pressure Measurement | |
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Static Pressure Measurement | |
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Design and Installation: Transmission Effects | |
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Gases | |
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Liquids | |
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Heavily Damped Systems | |
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Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems | |
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Pitot-Static Pressure Probe | |
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Thermal Anemometry | |
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Doppler Anemometry | |
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Selection of Velocity Measuring Methods | |
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Laser Doppler Anemometers | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Flow Measurements | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical Comments | |
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Flow Rate Concepts | |
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Volume Flow Rate Through Velocity Determination | |
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Pressure Differential Meters | |
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Obstruction Meters | |
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Orifice Meter | |
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Venturi Meter | |
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Flow Nozzles | |
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Sonic Nozzles | |
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Obstruction Meter Selection | |
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Laminar Flow Elements | |
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Insertion Volume Flow Meters | |
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Electromagnetic Flow Meters | |
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Vortex Shedding Meters | |
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Rotameters | |
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Turbine Meters | |
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Positive-Displacement Meters | |
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Mass Flow Meters | |
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Thermal Flow Meter | |
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Coriolis Flow Meter | |
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Flow Meter Calibration and Standards | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Strain Measurement | |
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Introduction | |
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Stress and Strain | |
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Resistance Strain Gauges | |
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Metallic Gauges | |
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Semiconductor Strain Gauges | |
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Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits | |
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Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement | |
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The Multiple Gauge Bridge | |
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Bridge Constant | |
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Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation | |
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Construction and Installation | |
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Analysis of Strain Gauge Data | |
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Signal Conditioning | |
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Uncertainties in Multichannel Measurements | |
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Optical Strain Measuring Techniques | |
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Basic Characteristics of Light | |
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Photoelastic Measurement | |
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Moire Methods | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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Metrology, Motion, Force, and Power Measurements | |
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Introduction | |
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Dimensional Measurements: Metrology | |
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Historical Perspective | |
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Principles of Linear Measurement | |
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Optical Methods | |
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Displacement Measurements | |
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Potentiometers | |
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Linear Variable Differential Transformers | |
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Measurement of Mass | |
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Measurement of Acceleration and Vibration | |
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Seismic Transducer | |
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Transducers for Shock and Vibration Measurement | |
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Velocity Measurements | |
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Linear Velocity Measurements | |
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Velocity from Displacement or Acceleration | |
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Moving Coil Transducers | |
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Angular Velocity Measurements | |
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Force Measurement | |
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Load Cells | |
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Torque Measurements | |
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Measurement of Torque on Rotating Shafts | |
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Mechanical Power Measurements | |
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Rotational Speed, Torque, and Shaft Power | |
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Cradled Dynamometers | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Problems | |
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A Guide for Technical Writing | |
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Property Data and Conversion Factors | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |