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| About the authors | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| List of abbreviations | |
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| The Smart Grid | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why implement the Smart Grid now? | |
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| Ageing assets and lack of circuit capacity | |
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| Thermal constraints | |
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| Operational constraints | |
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| Security of supply | |
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| National initiatives | |
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| What is the Smart Grid? | |
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| Early Smart Grid initiatives | |
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| Active distribution networks | |
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| Virtual power plant | |
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| Other initiatives and demonstrations | |
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| Overview of the technologies required for the Smart Grid | |
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| References | |
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| Information and Communication Technologies | |
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| Data communication | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dedicated and shared communication channels | |
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| Switching techniques | |
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| Circuit switching | |
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| Message switching | |
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| Packet switching | |
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| Communication channels | |
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| Wired communication | |
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| Optical fibre | |
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| Radio communication | |
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| Cellular mobile communication | |
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| Satellite communication | |
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| Layered architecture and protocols | |
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| The ISOIOSI model | |
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| TCP/IP | |
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| References | |
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| Communication technologies for the Smart Grid | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Communication technologies | |
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| IEEE 802 series | |
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| Mobile communications | |
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| Multi protocol label switching | |
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| Power line communication | |
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| Standards for information exchange | |
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| Standards for smart metering | |
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| Modbus | |
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| DNP3 | |
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| IEC 61850 | |
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| References | |
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| Information security for the Smart Grid | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Encryption and decryption | |
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| Symmetric key encryption | |
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| Public key encryption | |
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| Authentication | |
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| Authentication based on shared secret key | |
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| Authentication based on key distribution centre | |
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| Digital signatures | |
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| Secret key signature | |
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| Public key signature | |
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| Message digest | |
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| Cyber security standards | |
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| IEEE 1686: IEEE standard for substation intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) cyber security capabilities | |
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| IEC 62351: Power systems management and associated information exchange data and communications security | |
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| References | |
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| Sensing, Measurement, Control and Automation Technology | |
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| Smart metering and demand-side integration | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Smart metering | |
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| Evolution of electricity metering | |
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| Key components of smart metering | |
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| Smart meters: An overview of the hardware used | |
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| Signal acquisition | |
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| Signal conditioning | |
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| Analogue to digital conversion | |
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| Computation | |
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| Input/output | |
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| Communication | |
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| Communications infrastructure and protocols for smart metering | |
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| Home-area network | |
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| Neighbourhood area network | |
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| Data concentrator | |
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| Meter data management system | |
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| Protocols for communications | |
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| Demand-side integration | |
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| Services provided by DSI | |
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| Implementations of DSI | |
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| Hardware support to DSI implementations | |
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| Flexibility delivered by prosumers from the demand side | |
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| System support from DSI | |
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| References | |
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| Distribution automation equipment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Substation automation equipment | |
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| Current transformers | |
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| Voltage transformers | |
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| Intelligent electronic devices | |
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| Bay controller | |
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| Remote terminal units | |
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| Faults in the distribution system | |
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| Components for fault isolation and restoration | |
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| Fault location, isolation and restoration | |
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| Voltage regulation | |
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| References | |
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| Distribution management systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Data sources and associated external systems | |
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| SCADA | |
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| Customer information system | |
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| Modelling and analysis tools | |
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| Distribution system modelling | |
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| Topology analysis | |
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| Load forecasting | |
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| Power flow analysis | |
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| Fault calculations | |
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| State estimation | |
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| Other analysis tools | |
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| Applications | |
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| System monitoring | |
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| System operation | |
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| System management | |
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| Outage management system OMS | |
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| References | |
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| Transmission system operation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Data sources | |
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| IEDs and SCADA | |
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| Phasor measurement units | |
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| Energy management systems | |
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| Wide area applications | |
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| On-line transient stability controller | |
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| Pole-slipping preventive controller | |
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| Visualisation techniques | |
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| Visual 2-D presentation | |
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| Visual 3-D presentation | |
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| References | |
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| Power Electronics and Energy Storage | |
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| Power electronic converters | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Current source converters | |
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| Voltage source converters | |
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| VSCs for low and medium power applications | |
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| VSC for medium and high power applications | |
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| References | |
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| Power electronics in the Smart Grid | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Renewable energy generation | |
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| Photovoltaic systems | |
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| Wind, hydro and tidal energy systems | |
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| Fault current limiting | |
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| Shunt compensation | |
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| D-STATCOM | |
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| Active filtering | |
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| Shunt compensator with energy storage | |
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| Series compensation | |
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| References | |
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| Power electronics for bulk power flows | |
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| Introduction | |
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| FACTS | |
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| Reactive power compensation | |
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| Series compensation | |
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| Thyristor-controlled Phase shifting transformer | |
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| Unified power flow controller | |
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| Interline power flow controller | |
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| HVDC | |
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| Current source converters | |
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| Voltage source converters | |
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| Multi-terminal HVDC | |
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| References | |
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| Energy storage | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy storage technologies | |
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| Batteries | |
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| Flow battery | |
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| Fuel cell and hydrogen electrolyser | |
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| Flywheels | |
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| Superconducting magnetic energy storage systems | |
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| Supercapacitors | |
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| Case study 1: Energy storage for wind power | |
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| Case study 2: Agent-based control of electrical vehicle battery charging | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |