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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Origins | |
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| Plants - what are they? | |
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| Back to the beginning | |
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| Eukaryotes emerge | |
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| Photosynthetic eukaryotes - the first 'plants' | |
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| The greening of Earth - plants invade the land | |
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| Embracing the terrestrial lifestyle | |
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| Arrival of the angiosperms | |
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| Sex and the alternation of generations | |
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| Introduction to Plant Cells | |
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| Plant cells | |
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| Cell walls | |
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| The plasma membrane | |
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| Cell compartmentation | |
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| Chloroplasts | |
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| Mitochondria | |
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| The nucleus | |
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| The vacuole | |
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| Endomembrane systems | |
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| Microbodies/peroxisomes | |
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| Ribosomes | |
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| The cytoskeleton | |
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| The mitotic cell cycle | |
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| Metabolism | |
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| Genes, Gene Expression and Development | |
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| Genes | |
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| Gene expression | |
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| Chloroplasts and mitochondria | |
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| Control of gene expression - switching genes on and off | |
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| Molecular aspects of development | |
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| Plant hormones | |
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| Light receptors | |
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| Concluding comments | |
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| From Embryo to Establishment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Embryogenesis | |
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| Endosperm | |
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| Perisperm | |
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| Late embryo growth, storage deposition and desiccation | |
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| Seed coat | |
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| 'Recalcitrant' seeds | |
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| Apomixis | |
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| Seeds and fruit | |
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| Fruit development and ripening | |
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| Dormancy and quiescence | |
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| Germination | |
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| Establishment | |
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| Roots | |
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| External morphology of roots | |
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| Root anatomy | |
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| Root growth | |
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| Soil chemistry and water relations | |
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| Plant mineral nutrition | |
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| Movement of nutrients to the root surface | |
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| Absorption of water and nutrients | |
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| Mycorrhizae | |
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| Root nodules and nitrogen fixation | |
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| Tropisms | |
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| Gravitropism in roots | |
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| Stems | |
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| Structure of the stem | |
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| The young stem | |
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| The shoot apical meristem | |
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| Shoot organizational forms | |
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| The mature stem | |
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| The tallest, largest and oldest plants | |
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| Ageing and senescence | |
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| Long-distance xylem transport | |
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| Translocation in the phloem | |
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| Biological clocks in plants | |
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| Phototropism - how do stems curve towards the light? | |
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| Gravitropism in stems | |
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| Thigmotropism | |
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| Nastic movements | |
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| Bud dormancy | |
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| Leaves | |
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| External morphology of leaves | |
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| The anatomy of the leaf | |
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| Control of leaf growth and development | |
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| Photosynthesis | |
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| Photorespiration | |
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| The photosynthesis/transpiration dilemma | |
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| C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis | |
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| Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) | |
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| Sources and sinks | |
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| Stomata | |
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| Leaf senescence and abscission | |
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| Flowers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is a flower? | |
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| Organization of flowers and flowering - inflorescences and life-styles | |
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| Formation of flowers | |
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| Gametogenesis | |
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| Pollination and fertilization | |
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| Evolution | |
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| Environmental Stresses | |
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| Responses to stress | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Waterlogging | |
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| Drought | |
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| Salinity | |
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| Chemical stress | |
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| Light and radiation | |
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| Acclimation and Adaptation to Environmental Stresses | |
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| Adaptation and acclimation responses | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Resistance and adaptation to waterlogging | |
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| Resistance and adaptation to drought | |
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| Resistance and adaptation to salinity | |
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| Tolerance and adaptation to toxic metals | |
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| Adaptations to light and radiation | |
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| Biotic Stresses | |
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| Plant/plant competition | |
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| Plant/animal interactions | |
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| Plant pathology | |
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| Plants and the Future | |
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| Climate change | |
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| Loss of plant biodiversity | |
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| Biomass and biofuels derived from plants | |
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| Genetically modified crops | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |