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Preface | |
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Animal associations | |
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Introduction | |
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Animal associations | |
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Symbiosis | |
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Commensalism | |
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Phoresis | |
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Mutualism | |
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Parasitism | |
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Intra-specific parasites | |
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Parasitoids | |
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The concept of harm | |
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Parasite hosts | |
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Protozoa and helminths as hosts | |
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Classes of hosts for parasites | |
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The co-evolution of parasites and their hosts | |
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Evolutionary relationships between host and parasite | |
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Parasites and the evolution of sexual reproduction | |
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Parasitism as a 'lifestyle': advantages and limitations | |
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Main advantages of a parasitic lifestyle | |
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Main limitations of a parasitic life style | |
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The economic cost of parasitic diseases | |
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Economic consequences of parasitic diseases of humans | |
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Economic consequences of parasitic diseases of domestic animals | |
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Estimating the costs of morbidity due to disease | |
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Economic consequences of parasitic diseases of wildlife | |
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Why parasitic diseases remain a problem | |
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Taxonomy | |
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The binomen system 25 Questions | |
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Parasitic protozoa, fungi and plants | |
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Introduction | |
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Parasitic protozoa | |
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Kingdom Protista | |
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Phylum Rhizopoda | |
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Genus Entamoeba | |
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Other species of pathogenic amoebae | |
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Phylum Metamonada | |
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Order Diplomonadida | |
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Order Trichomonadida | |
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Phylum Apicomplexa | |
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Genus Plasmodium | |
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Plasmodium life cycle | |
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Genus Theileria | |
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Genus Babesia | |
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Subclass Coccidiasina | |
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Suborder Eimeriorina | |
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Isospora group | |
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Genus Cyclospora | |
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Family Sarcocystidae | |
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Genus Toxoplasma | |
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Genus Neospora | |
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Family Cryptosporidiidae | |
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Phylum Kinetoplastida | |
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Genus Leishmania | |
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Leishmania life cycle | |
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Genus Trypanosoma | |
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Phylum Chlorophyta | |
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Genus Prototheca | |
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Kingdom fungi | |
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Microsporidia | |
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Kingdom plantae 85 Questions | |
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Helminth parasites | |
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Introduction: invertebrate taxonomy | |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes | |
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Class Trematoda | |
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Family Fasciolidae | |
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Family Cathaemasiidae: Genus Ribeiroia | |
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Family Dicrocoeliidae | |
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Family Opisthorchiformes | |
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Family Paragonomidae | |
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Family Schistosomatidae | |
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Class Cestoda | |
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Order Pseudophyllidea/Diphyllobothriidea | |
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Order Cyclophyllidea | |
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Family Taeniidae | |
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Family Anoplocephalidae | |
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Phylum Acanthocephala | |
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Phylum Nematoda (Nemata) | |
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Class Enoplea | |
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Class Rhabdita | |
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Family Onchocercidae | |
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Family Dracunculidae 132 Questions | |
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Arthropod parasites | |
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Introduction | |
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Phylum Chelicerata | |
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Family Demodicidae | |
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Family Sarcoptidae | |
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Family Psoroptidae | |
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Suborder Ixodida | |
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Family Argasidae | |
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Family Ixodidae | |
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Tick paralysis | |
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Phylum Crustacea | |
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Subclass Copepoda | |
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Infra-Class Cirripedia | |
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Subclass Branchiura | |
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Subclass Pentastomida - tongue worms | |
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Sub-phylum Hexapoda | |
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Order Phthiraptera (lice) | |
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Order Siphonaptera (fleas) | |
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Order Diptera (true flies) | |
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Suborder Nematocera | |
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Suborder Brachycera | |
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Family Calliphoridae | |
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Genus Chrysomya | |
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Genus Cochliomyia | |
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Genus Auchmeromyia | |
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Genus Cordylobia | |
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Family Sarcophagidae | |
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Family Oestridae | |
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Subfamily Gasterophilinae | |
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Subfamily Hypodermatinae | |
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Subfamily Cuterebrinae | |
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Family Streblidae | |
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Family Nycteribiidae 178 Questions | |
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Parasite transmission | |
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Introduction | |
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Contaminative transmission | |
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Transmission associated with reproduction | |
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Sexual transmission | |
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Transmission within the gametes | |
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Congenital transmission | |
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Autoinfection | |
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Nosocomial transmission | |
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Active parasite transmission | |
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Hosts and vectors | |
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Paratenic hosts | |
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Intermediate hosts | |
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Vectors | |
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Host factors | |
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Host identification | |
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The influence of host behaviour on parasite transmission | |
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Co-transmission and interactions between infectious agents | |
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How religion can influence parasite transmission | |
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The influence of war on parasite transmission | |
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The influence of parasites on host behaviour | |
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Environmental factors | |
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Natural environmental variables | |
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Pollution | |
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Global warming 209 Questions | |
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Immune reactions to parasitic infections | |
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Introduction | |
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Invertebrate immunity | |
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Vertebrate immunity | |
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Innate immunity | |
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Adaptive immunity | |
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Cell-mediated immunity | |
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Innate immunity to parasitic infection | |
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Physical factors | |
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Chemical and microbial factors | |
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The acute inflammatory response | |
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Cell-mediated immunity | |
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Adaptive immunity | |
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Avoiding the host immune response | |
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Depression of the immune system | |
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Immunity to malaria | |
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Schistosoma mansoni and Hepatitis C virus interactions | |
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HIV-AIDS and parasitic disease | |
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Parasites and the transmission of HIV | |
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Parasite-HIV co-infections | |
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Leishmania-HIV co-infections | |
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Malaria-HIV co-infections | |
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Toxoplasma-HIV co-infections | |
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Microsporidia-HIV co-infections 243 Questions | |
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Pathology | |
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Introduction | |
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Factors that influence pathogenesis | |
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Host factors that influence pathogenesis | |
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Parasite factors that influence pathogenesis | |
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Mechanisms by which parasites induce pathology | |
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Direct damage | |
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Indirect damage | |
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Types of pathology | |
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Abortion and obstetric pathology | |
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Anaemia | |
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Anorexia | |
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Apoptosis | |
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Calcification | |
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Cancer | |
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Castration | |
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Delusional parasitosis | |
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Diarrhoea | |
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Elephantiasis | |
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Fever | |
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Granulation and fibrosis | |
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Hyperplasia | |
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Hypertrophy | |
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Inflammation and ulceration | |
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Jaundice | |
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Metaplasia | |
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Pressure atrophy | |
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Psychological disturbance | |
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Damage to specific organs | |
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The bladder | |
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The brain | |
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The digestive system | |
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The genitalia | |
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The kidney | |
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The liver | |
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The lungs | |
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The skin | |
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The spleen | |
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Co-infections and pathogenesis 289 Questions | |
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The useful parasite | |
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Introduction: the goodness of parasites? | |
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The importance of parasites for the maintenance of a healthy immune system | |
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The hygiene hypothesis | |
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus | |
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | |
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Inflammatory bowel disease | |
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The use of parasites to treat medical conditions | |
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Helminth therapy | |
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Larval therapy | |
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Leech therapy | |
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Malaria therapy (malariotherapy) | |
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Parasites as sources of novel pharmaceutically-active compounds | |
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Parasites as biological control agents | |
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Life cycle of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema | |
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Parasites as forensic indicators 312 Questions | |
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Identification of protozoan and helminth parasites | |
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Introduction | |
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The importance of correct identification | |
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Properties of an ideal diagnostic test | |
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Isolation of parasites | |
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Identification from gross morphology | |
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Morphological identification of Entamoeba | |
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Morphological identification of Plasmodium and Babesia | |
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Morphological identification of Taenia tapeworms | |
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Morphological identification of filarial nematode infections | |
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Biochemical techniques | |
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Immunological techniques | |
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Molecular techniques | |
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Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) | |
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Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria | |
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Rapid diagnostic test for filariasis | |
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MALDI-TOF MS 337 Questions | |
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Parasite treatment and control | |
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Introduction | |
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Importance of understanding parasite life cycles for effective treatment and control | |
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Treatment of parasitic diseases | |
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The ideal antiparasitic drug | |
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Pharmaceutical drugs | |
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DNA/RNA technology | |
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Molecular chaperones (heat shock proteins) | |
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Nanotechnology | |
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Quantum dots | |
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Natural remedies | |
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Homeopathy | |
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Vaccines against parasitic diseases | |
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Attenuated vaccines | |
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Killed vaccines | |
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Recombinant vaccines | |
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Toxoid vaccines | |
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DNA vaccines | |
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Vaccine administration | |
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Control of parasitic diseases | |
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Eradication, elimination and control of parasitic diseases | |
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Education | |
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Environmental modification and cultural control | |
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Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS technology | |
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Treating the individual or the population | |
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Piggy-backing control programmes | |
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Disruptions to control programmes | |
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Role of governments, foundations, and aid organisations | |
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Questions | |
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References | |
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Index | |