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Preface | |
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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Introduction | |
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Basic Ideas of Sampling and Estimation | |
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Sampling Units | |
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Sampling and Nonsampling Errors | |
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Models in Sampling | |
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Adaptive and Nonadaptive Designs | |
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Some Sampling History | |
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Basic Sampling | |
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Simple Random Sampling | |
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Selecting a Simple Random Sample | |
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Estimating the Population Mean | |
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Estimating the Population Total | |
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Some Underlying Ideas | |
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Random Sampling with Replacement | |
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Derivations for Random Sampling | |
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Model-Based Approach to Sampling | |
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Computing Notes | |
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Entering Data in R | |
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Sample Estimates | |
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Simulation | |
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Further Comments on the Use of Simulation | |
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Exercises | |
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Confidence Intervals | |
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Confidence Interval for the Population Mean or Total | |
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Finite-Population Central Limit Theorem | |
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Sampling Distributions | |
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Computing Notes | |
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Confidence Interval Computation | |
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Simulations Illustrating the Approximate Normality of a Sampling Distribution with Small n and N | |
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Daily Precipitation Data | |
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Exercises | |
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Sample Size | |
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Sample Size for Estimating a Population Mean | |
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Sample Size for Estimating a Population Total | |
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Sample Size for Relative Precision | |
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Exercises | |
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Estimating Proportions, Ratios, and Subpopulation Means | |
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Estimating a Population Proportion | |
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Confidence Interval for a Proportion | |
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Sample Size for Estimating a Proportion | |
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Sample Size for Estimating Several Proportions Simultaneously | |
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Estimating a Ratio | |
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Estimating a Mean, Total, or Proportion of a Subpopulation | |
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Estimating a Subpopulation Mean | |
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Estimating a Proportion for a Subpopulation | |
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Estimating a Subpopulation Total | |
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Exercises | |
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Unequal Probability Sampling | |
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Sampling with Replacement: The Hansen-Hurwitz Estimator | |
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Any Design: The Horvitz-Thompson Estimator | |
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Generalized Unequal-Probability Estimator | |
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Small Population Example | |
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Derivations and Comments | |
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Computing Notes | |
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Writing an R Function to Simulate a Sampling Strategy | |
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Comparing Sampling Strategies | |
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Exercises | |
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Making The Best Use Of Survey Data | |
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Auxiliary Data and Ratio Estimation | |
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Ratio Estimator | |
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Small Population Illustrating Bias | |
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Derivations and Approximations for the Ratio Estimator | |
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Finite-Population Central Limit Theorem for the Ratio Estimator | |
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Ratio Estimation with Unequal Probability Designs | |
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Models in Ratio Estimation | |
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Types of Estimators for a Ratio | |
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Design Implications of Ratio Models | |
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Computing Notes | |
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Exercises | |
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Regression Estimation | |
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Linear Regression Estimator | |
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Regression Estimation with Unequal Probability Designs | |
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Regression Model | |
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Multiple Regression Models | |
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Design Implications of Regression Models | |
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Exercises | |
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The Sufficient Statistic in Sampling | |
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The Set of Distinct, Labeled Observations | |
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Estimation in Random Sampling with Replacement | |
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Estimation in Probability-Proportional-to-Size Sampling | |
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Comments on the Improved Estimates | |
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Design and Model | |
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Uses of Design and Model in Sampling | |
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Connections between the Design and Model Approaches | |
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Some Comments | |
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Likelihood Function in Sampling | |
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Some Useful Designs | |
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Stratified Sampling | |
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Estimating the Population Total | |
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With Any Stratified Design | |
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With Stratified Random Sampling | |
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Estimating the Population Mean | |
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With Any Stratified Design | |
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With Stratified Random Sampling | |
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Confidence Intervals | |
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The Stratification Principle | |
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Allocation in Stratified Random Sampling | |
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Poststratification | |
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Population Model for a Stratified Population | |
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Derivations for Stratified Sampling | |
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Optimum Allocation | |
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Poststratification Variance | |
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Computing Notes | |
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Exercises | |
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Cluster and Systematic Sampling | |
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Primary Units Selected by Simple Random Sampling | |
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Unbiased Estimator | |
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Ratio Estimator | |
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Primary Units Selected with Probabilities Proportional to Size | |
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Hansen-Hurwitz (PPS) Estimator | |
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Horvitz-Thompson Estimator | |
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The Basic Principle | |
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Single Systematic Sample | |
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Variance and Cost in Cluster and Systematic Sampling | |
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Computing Notes | |
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Exercises | |
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Multistage Designs | |
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Simple Random Sampling at Each Stage | |
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Unbiased Estimator | |
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Ratio Estimator | |
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Primary Units Selected with Probability Proportional to Size | |
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Any Multistage Design with Replacement | |
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Cost and Sample Sizes | |
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Derivations for Multistage Designs | |
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Unbiased Estimator | |
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Ratio Estimator | |
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Probability-Proportional-to-Size Sampling | |
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More Than Two Stages | |
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Exercises | |
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Double or Two-Phase Sampling | |
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Ratio Estimation with Double Sampling | |
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Allocation in Double Sampling for Ratio Estimation | |
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Double Sampling for Stratification | |
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Derivations for Double Sampling | |
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Approximate Mean and Variance: Ratio Estimation | |
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Optimum Allocation for Ratio Estimation | |
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Expected Value and Variance: Stratification | |
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Nonsampling Errors and Double Sampling | |
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Nonresponse, Selection Bias, or Volunteer Bias | |
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Double Sampling to Adjust for Nonresponse: Callbacks | |
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Response Modeling and Nonresponse Adjustments | |
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Computing Notes | |
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Exercises | |
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Methods For Elusive And Hard-To-Detect Populations | |
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Network Sampling and Link-Tracing Designs | |
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Estimation of the Population Total or Mean | |
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Multiplicity Estimator | |
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Horvitz-Thompson Estimator | |
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Derivations and Comments | |
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Stratification in Network Sampling | |
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Other Link-Tracing Designs | |
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Computing Notes | |
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Exercises | |
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Detectability and Sampling | |
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Constant Detectability over a Region | |
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Estimating Detectability | |
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Effect of Estimated Detectability | |
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Detectability with Simple Random Sampling | |
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Estimated Detectability and Simple Random Sampling | |
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Sampling with Replacement | |
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Derivations | |
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Unequal Probability Sampling of Groups with Unequal Detection Probabilities | |
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Derivations | |
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Exercises | |
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Line and Point Transects | |
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Density Estimation Methods for Line Transects | |
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Narrow-Strip Method | |
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Smooth-by-Eye Method | |
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Parametric Methods | |
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Nonparametric Methods | |
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Estimating f (0) by the Kernel Method | |
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Fourier Series Method | |
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Designs for Selecting Transects | |
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Random Sample of Transects | |
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Unbiased Estimator | |
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Ratio Estimator | |
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Systematic Selection of Transects | |
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Selection with Probability Proportional to Length | |
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Note on Estimation of Variance for the Kernel Method | |
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Some Underlying Ideas about Line Transects | |
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Line Transects and Detectability Functions | |
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Single Transect | |
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Average Detectability | |
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Random Transect | |
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Average Detectability and Effective Area | |
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Effect of Estimating Detectability | |
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Probability Density Function of an Observed Distance | |
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Detectability Imperfect on the Line or Dependent on Size | |
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Estimation Using Individual Detectabilities | |
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Estimation of Individual Detectabilities | |
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Detectability Functions other than Line Transects | |
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Variable Circular Plots or Point Transects | |
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Exercise | |
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Capture-Recapture Sampling | |
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Single Recapture | |
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Models for Simple Capture-Recapture | |
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Sampling Design in Capture-Recapture: Ratio Variance Estimator | |
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Random Sampling with Replacement of Detectability Units | |
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Random Sampling without Replacement | |
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Estimating Detectability with Capture-Recapture Methods | |
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Multiple Releases | |
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More Elaborate Models | |
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Exercise | |
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Line-Intercept Sampling | |
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Random Sample of Lines: Fixed Direction | |
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Lines of Random Position and Direction | |
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Exercises | |
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Spatial Sampling | |
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Spatial Prediction or Kriging | |
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Spatial Covariance Function | |
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Linear Prediction (Kriging) | |
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Variogram | |
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Predicting the Value over a Region | |
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Derivations and Comments | |
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Computing Notes | |
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Exercise | |
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Spatial Designs | |
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Design for Local Prediction | |
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Design for Prediction of Mean of Region | |
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Plot Shapes and Observational Methods | |
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Observations from Plots | |
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Observations from Detectability Units | |
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Comparisons of Plot Shapes and Detectability Methods | |
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Adaptive Sampling | |
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Adaptive Sampling Designs | |
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Adaptive and Conventional Designs and Estimators | |
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Brief Survey of Adaptive Sampling | |
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Adaptive Cluster Sampling | |
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Designs | |
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Initial Simple Random Sample without Replacement | |
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Initial Random Sample with Replacement | |
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Estimators | |
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Initial Sample Mean | |
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Estimation Using Draw-by-Draw Intersections | |
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Estimation Using Initial Intersection Probabilities | |
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When Adaptive Cluster Sampling Is Better than Simple Random Sampling | |
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Expected Sample Size, Cost, and Yield | |
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Comparative Efficiencies of Adaptive and Conventional Sampling | |
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Further Improvement of Estimators | |
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Derivations | |
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Data for Examples and Figures | |
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Exercises | |
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Systematic and Strip Adaptive Cluster Sampling | |
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Designs | |
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Estimators | |
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Initial Sample Mean | |
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Estimator Based on Partial Selection Probabilities | |
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Estimator Based on Partial Inclusion Probabilities | |
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Calculations for Adaptive Cluster Sampling Strategies | |
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Comparisons with Conventional Systematic and Cluster Sampling | |
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Derivations | |
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Example Data | |
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Exercises | |
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Stratified Adaptive Cluster Sampling | |
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Designs | |
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Estimators | |
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Estimators Using Expected Numbers of Initial Intersections | |
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Estimator Using Initial Intersection Probabilities | |
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Comparisons with Conventional Stratified Sampling | |
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Further Improvement of Estimators | |
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Example Data | |
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Exercises | |
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Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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References | |
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Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |