| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Contributors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mimo Radar - Diversity Means Superiority | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problem Formulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parameter Identifiability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preliminary Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sufficient and Necessary Conditions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonparametric Adaptive Techniques for Parameter Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Absence of Array Calibration Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Presence of Array Calibration Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parametric Techniques for Parameter Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| ML and BIC | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transmit Beampattern Designs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beampattern Matching Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minimum Sidelobe Beampattern Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phased-Array Beampattern Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application to Ultrasound Hyperthermia Treatment of Breast Cancer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lemma and Proof | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar: Concepts, Performance Enhancements, and Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Short History of Radar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definition and Characteristics of MIMO Radar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uses of MIMO Radar | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Current State of MIMO Radar Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter Outline | |
| |
| |
| |
| Notation | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar Virtual Aperture | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Channel | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Virtual Array: Resolution and Sidelobes | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar in Clutter-Free Environments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limitations of Cramer-Rao Estimation Bounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fisher Information Matrix | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waveform Correlation Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimality of MIMO Radar for Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| High SNR | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weak-Signal Regime | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimal Beamforming without Search | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonfading Targets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Additional Benefits of MIMO Radar | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar with Moving Targets in Clutter: GMTI Radars | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Localization and Adapted SNR | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inner Products and Beamwidths | |
| |
| |
| |
| SNR Loss | |
| |
| |
| |
| SNR Loss and Waveform Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Area Search Rates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Localization Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bounds on R(N) | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Operator Norm Inequality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Negligible Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bound on Eigenvalues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Inner Products | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Invariant Inner Product | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kronecker and Tensor Products | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lexicographical Ordering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tensor and Kronecker Products | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized MIMO Radar Ambiguity Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Signal Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Parametric Channel Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transmit Signal Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Channel and Target Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Received Signal Parametric Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Ambiguity Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Ambiguity Function Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cross-Correlation Function under Model Simplifications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Autocorrelation Function and Transmit Beampatterns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Results and Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Orthogonal Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coherent Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Bounds and Techniques for Target Localization Using MIMO Radars | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problem Formulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Virtual Aperture Extension | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spatial Coverage and Probability of Exposure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beampattern Improvement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Target Localization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum-Likelihood Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transmission Diversity Smoothing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Lower Bound for Target Localization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cramer-Rao Bound | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Barankin Bound | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simulation Results | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discussion and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Log-Likelihood Derivation | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single Range-Doppler with No Interference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transmit-Receive Pattern Derivation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fisher Information Matrix Derivation | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Signal Design For MIMO Radars | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problem Formulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Model with Reduced Number of Range Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multipulse and Doppler Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Complete Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Statistical Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beamforming Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Least-Squares Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waveform Design for Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Optimal Detector | |
| |
| |
| |
| The SINR | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimal Waveform Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Suboptimal Waveform Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constrained Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Target and Clutter Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar and Phased Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scan Transmit Beam after Receive | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptation of Transmit Beampattern | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combined Transmit-Receive Beamforming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theoretical SINR Calculation | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar Spacetime Adaptive Processing and Signal Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Notations | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Virtual Array Concept | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spacetime Adaptive Processing in MIMO Radar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fully Adaptive MIMO-STAP | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison with SIMO System | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Virtual Array in STAP | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clutter Subspace in MIMO Radar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clutter Rank in MIMO Radar: MIMO Extension of Brennan's Rule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data-Independent Estimation of the Clutter Subspace with PSWF | |
| |
| |
| |
| New STAP Method for MIMO Radar | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Proposed Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complexity of the New Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimation of the Covariance Matrices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Zero-Forcing Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison with Other Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Design of the STAP Radar System | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar Ambiguity Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Properties of the MIMO Ambiguity Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| The MIMO Ambiguity Function of Periodic Pulse Radar Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Multiplexed LFM Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Hopping Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slow-Time MIMO SpaceTime Adaptive Processing | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar and Spatial Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO and Target Fading | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO and Processing Gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| SIMO Radar Modeling and Processing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized Transmitted Radar Waveform | |
| |
| |
| |
| SIMO Target Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| SIMO Covariance Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| SIMO Radar Processing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slow-Time MIMO Radar Modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slow-Time MIMO Target Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slow-Time MIMO Covariance Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slow-Time MIMO Radar Processing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slow-Time MIMO Beampattern and VSWR | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subarray Slow-Time MIMO | |
| |
| |
| |
| SIMO versus Slow-Time MIMO Design Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar Estimation of Transmit-Receive Directionality Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| OTHr Propagation and Clutter Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simulations Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Postreceive/Transmit Beamforming | |
| |
| |
| |
| SINR Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transmit-Receive Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgment | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO as a Distributed Radar System | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spatial MIMO System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Netted Radar Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decentralized Radar Network (DRN) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| False-Alarm Rate (FAR) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Probability of Detection (P[subscript d]) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jamming Tolerance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coverage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgment | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concepts and Applications of A MIMO Radar System with Widely Separated Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| MIMO Radar Concept | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spatial Decorrelation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Multiple Antenna Radars | |
| |
| |
| |
| NonCoherent MIMO Radar Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diversity Gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moving-Target Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coherent MIMO Radar Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ambiguity Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| CRLB | |
| |
| |
| |
| MLE Target Localization | |
| |
| |
| |
| BLUE Target Localization | |
| |
| |
| |
| GDOP | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deriving the FIM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deriving the CRLB on the Location Estimate Error | |
| |
| |
| |
| MLE of Time Delays - Error Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deriving the Lowest GDOP for Special Cases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special Case: N x N MIMO | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special Case: 1 x N MIMO | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Case: M x N MIMO | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| SpaceTime Coding for MIMO Radar | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detection In MIMO Radars | |
| |
| |
| |
| Full-Rank Code Matrix | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rank 1 Code Matrix | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spacetime Code Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chernoff-Bound-Based (CBB) Code Construction | |
| |
| |
| |
| SCR-Based Code Construction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mutual-Information-Based (MIB) Code Construction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Interplay Between STC and Detection Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Results | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgment | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |