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| Series Preface | |
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| Preface | |
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| List of Contributors | |
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| Biofuels in Perspective | |
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| Fossil versus Renewable Energy Resources | |
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| Economic Impact | |
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| Comparison of Bio-energy Sources | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Sustainable Production of Cellulosic Feedstock for Biorefineries in the USA | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Availability of Cellulosic Feedstocks | |
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| Feedstock Options | |
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| Sustainable Removal | |
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| Erosion Control | |
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| Tilling Practice | |
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| Transitioning to No-till | |
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| Realizing Removal | |
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| Removal Economics | |
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| Climate Change Mitigation | |
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| Pretreatment | |
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| Farmer in Value Chain | |
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| The Start: Preprocessing Pentose Sugars and Lignin | |
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| Continuing Downstream: Fungible Fermentation Sugars | |
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| Looking Upstream | |
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| Logistics | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Policy Recommendations | |
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| References | |
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| Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Federal Policy | |
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| The US Ethanol Market | |
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| Corn Ethanol Technology | |
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| Cellulosic Ethanol | |
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| The Future | |
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| References | |
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| Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazil | |
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| Overview | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Brazilian Experience with Ethanol | |
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| Policy and Regulatory Instruments Applied to Deploy Large-Scale Ethanol Production | |
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| Cost Reductions | |
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| Technological Development | |
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| Is the Ethanol Production in Brazil Sustainable? | |
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| Is the Brazilian Experience Replicable? | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Process Technologies for Biodiesel Production | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biodiesel Production Worldwide | |
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| Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production | |
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| Chemical Principles of Biodiesel Production | |
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| Catalysts for Transesterification and Esterification Reactions | |
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| Transesterification in Supercritical Alcohols | |
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| Alternative Approaches | |
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| Overview of Process Technologies | |
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| References | |
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| Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Production Technologies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theoretical Background Catalytic FT-Diesel Synthesis Process | |
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| Biomass Gasification-Based FT-Diesel Production Concepts | |
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| Economics of Biomass-Based FT-Diesel Production Concepts | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Production and Application | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Plant Oil Biofuels: the Underlying Idea | |
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| Perspectives of the Plant Oil Fuel Market | |
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| System Requirements | |
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| Plant Oil Conversion Technology | |
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| The User Perspective | |
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| References | |
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| Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Enzymatic Transesterification by Lipase | |
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| Use of Extracellular Lipases | |
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| Use of Intracellular Lipase as Whole-Cell Biocatalyst | |
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| Use of Cell-Surface Displaying Cells as Whole-Cell Biocatalyst | |
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| Conclusions and Future Prospects | |
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| References | |
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| Production of Biodiesel from Waste Lipids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Alternative Resources for Biodiesel Production | |
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| Conversion of Waste Frying and Cooking Oils into Biodiesel | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production and Waste Treatment Worldwide | |
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| Overview | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biogas Production Potential | |
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| Biogas Production Configurations | |
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| Outlook | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Biological Hydrogen Production by Anaerobic Microorganisms | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hydrogen Formation in Natural Ecosystems | |
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| Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Formation | |
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| Enzymology | |
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| Enterobacteria | |
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| The Genus Clostridium | |
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| The Genus Caldicellulosiruptor | |
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| The Genus Thermoanaerobacter | |
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| The Genus Thermotoga | |
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| The Genus Pyrococcus/Thermococcus | |
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| Approaches for Improving Hydrogen Production | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Improving Sustainability of the Corn-Ethanol Industry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy Balance | |
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| Crop Production and Greenhouse Gas Emissions | |
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| CO<sub>2</sub> Adjustment in a Changing Ethanol Industry | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |