Fred L. Israel' s previous works include the five-volume History of Presidential Elections 1789-1988 (1988), which he co-edited with Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Running for President (1995). He is Professor Emeritus at City College at the City University of New York.J. F. Watts was Professor of History at City College at the City University of New York. He passed away in 2008Thomas J. McInerney is Professor of History at Metropolitan State College in Denver, Colorado.