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Preface | |
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African American Offending | |
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Introduction | |
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African Americans and the Criminal Justice System | |
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The Uniqueness of Being Black in America: The Need for a Black Criminology | |
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The African American Heritage | |
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A Black Criminology | |
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General Theories on African American Offending | |
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Social Disorganization Theory | |
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Hirschi's Social Control Theory | |
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime | |
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Strain Theories | |
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Merton's Strain Theory | |
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Agnew's General Strain Theory | |
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Aker's Social Learning Theory | |
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Afrocentricity | |
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Conclusion | |
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An African American Worldview | |
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The Basic Premise of Our Theory of African American Offending | |
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The Racial Divide | |
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Evidence of a General Racial Divide | |
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Hurrticane Katrina | |
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Does Race Matter? | |
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Success of the Civil Rights Movement | |
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Reparations and Race Relations | |
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The Racial Divide in Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System | |
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The Racial Divide in Support for the Death Penalty | |
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The Racial Divide in Perceptions of Injustice in the Criminal Justice System | |
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The Racial Divide in Support for the �War on Drugs� | |
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A Worldview that is Shared Among all African Americans | |
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Why African Americans Share this Perception of the Criminal Justice System | |
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The Election of Barack Obama | |
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Perceived Racial Discrimination | |
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Would Employers Rather Hire Whites than African Americans? | |
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Perceptions of Racial Discrimination | |
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Conclusions | |
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Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices and African American Offending | |
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Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices | |
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Why People Obey the Law | |
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Procedural Justice | |
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Legal Socialization | |
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Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices and Defiance | |
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Shame, Anger, and Defiance | |
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Hirschi's Control Theory and the Bond of Belief | |
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Variations in African American Offending | |
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Variations in the Degree to which African Americans Perceive Criminal Justice Injustices | |
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Variations in Place | |
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Variations in Defiance | |
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Variations by Gender | |
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Racial Discrimination, Negative Stereotypes, Stereotype Threats, and African American Offending | |
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Racial Discrimination and the General Well-Being of African Americans | |
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Racial Discrimination and African American Offending | |
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Racial Discrimination and Weak School Bonds | |
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Stereotypes of African Americans | |
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Prevailing Racial Stereotypes | |
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The Impact that Negative Stereotypes Have on African Americans | |
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Stereotypes and Offending | |
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Stereotype Threat and Weak Social Bonds | |
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Stereotype Threats | |
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Stereotype Threat, Weak Bonds, and African American Offending | |
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Pejorative Stereotypes and Offending | |
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Summary | |
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White Collar Crime | |
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Gender and Crime | |
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The Significance of Place | |
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Conclusions | |
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Racial Socialization and African American Offending | |
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Introduction | |
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The Different Dimensions of Racial Socialization | |
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Cultural Socialization | |
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Preparation for Racial Bias | |
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Promotion of Mistrust | |
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Egalitarian Values | |
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Racial Socialization and Racial Identity | |
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Racial Identity and Offending | |
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Racial Socialization and Gender | |
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Racial Socialization and Social Bonds | |
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Racial Socialization and the Black Church | |
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Racial Socialization, Racial Discrimination, Hostility, Depression, and Offending | |
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Coping with Racism | |
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Our Theory on Racial Socialization and Offending | |
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Racial Socialization and Weak Bonds | |
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Gender and African American Offending | |
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Drugs, Gender, and Crime | |
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Racial Socialization, Place, and Offending | |
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Why Place Matters | |
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A Theoretical Model of African American Offending | |
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The Unique Worldview of African Americans | |
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African American Offending and Criminal Justice Injustices | |
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Criminal justice Injustices and Weakening the Restraints of the Rule of Law | |
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African American Offending and Racial Discrimination | |
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Negative Stereotypes | |
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Individual Offending | |
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Variations in Experiences with Racial Injustices | |
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Variations in Racial Socialization | |
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Our Theoretical Model of African American Offending | |
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Gender and African American Offending | |
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Place Matters | |
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Ethnic Differences in African American Offending | |
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Ethnicity and Immigration Status | |
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Colorism | |
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Conclusion | |
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Epilogue: Environmental Racism and African American Offending | |
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Introduction | |
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Environmental Racism | |
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The Empirical Research on Environmental Racism | |
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Race and Proximity to Environmental Toxins | |
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The Health Effects of Environmental Racism | |
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The Deleterious Consequences of Exposure to Lead | |
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Lead Exposure and Cognitive Impairment | |
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Lead Exposure and Education | |
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Lead Exposure and Crime | |
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Lead Exposure and African American Offending | |
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Our Theory of African American Offending | |
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Environmental Racism and African American Offending | |
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Notes | |
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References | |
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Index | |