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| Alphabetical list of key figures in Islam | |
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| Preface | |
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| Prophet Muhammad (c.570-632) | |
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| Abu Bakr (c.570-634) | |
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| Umar ibn al-Khattab (c.581-644) | |
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| Ali ibn Abi Talib (c.596-661) | |
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| Mu'awiya (602-680) | |
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| Abu Hanifa (c. 699-767) | |
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| Malik ibn Anas (c.709-795) | |
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| Rabi'a of Basra (c.717-801) | |
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| Muhammad al-Shafi'i (768-820) | |
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| Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855) | |
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| Al-Ma'mun (786-833) | |
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| Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi ('Alkindus') (c.801-873) | |
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| Abu al-Hasan al-Ashari (837-935) | |
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| Muhammad al-Tabari (839-923) | |
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| Abu Nasr al-Farabi ('Avennasar') (c.870-950) | |
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| Ubaydallah 'Al-Mahdi' (c.873-934) | |
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| Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Mawardi (972-1058) | |
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| Abu Ali ibn Sina ('Avicenna') (980-1037) | |
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| Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali (1058-1111) | |
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| Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari (1075-1144) | |
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| Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd ('Averroes') (1126-1198) | |
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| Salah al-Din ('Saladin') (1138-1193) | |
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| Yahya Suhrawardi (1154-1191) | |
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| Muhammad ibn Arabi (1165-1240) | |
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| Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274) | |
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| Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207-1273) | |
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| Ibn Taymiyya (1263-1328) | |
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| Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) | |
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| Al-Suyuti (1445-1505) | |
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| Suleiman ('the Magnificent') (c.1494-1566) | |
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| Akbar (1542-1605) | |
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| Sadr al-Din Shirazi 'Mulla Sadra' (c.1572-1640) | |
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| Shah Wali-Allah (1703-1762) | |
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| Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) | |
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| Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) | |
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| Sayyid Jamal al-Din 'Al-Afghani' (1838/9-1897) | |
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| Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) | |
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| Rashid Rida (1865-1935) | |
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| Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1873-1938) | |
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| Sayyid Ruhollah Khomeini (1902-1989) | |
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| Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi (1903-1979) | |
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| Hasan al-Bana (1906-1949) | |
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| Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966) | |
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| Muhammad Taha (1908-1985) | |
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| El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz ('Malcolm X') (1925-1965) | |
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| Hasan Al-Turabi (b. 1932) | |
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| Ali Shariati (1933-1977) | |
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| Hasan Hanafi (b. 1935) | |
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| Rachid Ghannoushi (b. 1941) | |
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| Abd al-Karim Soroush (b. 1945) | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |