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| Acknowledgments | |
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| How Elections Rule American Politics | |
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| Bush versus Gore, September 11, and American Elections | |
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| Actors and Institutions | |
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| Election Games | |
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| The Plan of the Book | |
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| The Message of the Book | |
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| A Note to the Reader | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Understanding Turnout | |
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| Three Things | |
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| Three Puzzles | |
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| Consumption versus Investment | |
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| Togetherness: The Group Investment Benefits of Voting | |
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| Consumption and Citizen Duty Redux | |
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| Voting Rationally and Turning Out Irrationally | |
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| The Forty-Five-Year Lag Revisited | |
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| The Final Puzzle-Why Did Turnout Decline in the 1970s? | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: Why Turnout Rebounded in 2004 | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 2 | |
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| Trends in Voter Mobilization | |
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| Mobilization Strategies in the 2004 Election | |
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| The Good, the Bad, and the Institutions | |
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| Making Voting Cheap and Easy | |
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| Financing Turnout | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: Candidates and Parties | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Candidates, Primaries, and Ideological Divergence | |
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| Brothers in Office | |
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| Why Moderation Attracts in U.S. Elections | |
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| Moderation: Virtue or Vice? | |
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| A Battle for the Left | |
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| How Parties Affect Candidates' Positions | |
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| Uncertainty and Extremism | |
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| Variations in Primary Systems | |
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| Opening Primaries and Party Control | |
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| Ambition, Ideology, and Divergence | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: Red States versus Blue States | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Polarized over Policy or Voting on Valence? | |
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| A War between the States? | |
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| The Arguments behind the Polarized View: A Closer Look | |
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| Income Inequality, Immigration, and Polarization | |
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| Do Voters Base Choices on Issues or Abilities? | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: What Money Does | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Money and the Mass Media | |
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| How Campaigns Are Financed | |
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| The Desperate Man | |
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| Who Makes Contributions? | |
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| Federal Campaign Finance Regulations | |
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| Giving to Elect or to Receive? | |
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| Giving to Elect | |
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| Giving to Receive | |
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| Evidence on Quid Pro Quo Contributions | |
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| Coordination and the Decisiveness of Money | |
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| Policy versus Service Redux | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: Opening Up the Black Box | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| How Campaign Money Affects Voters | |
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| Inside the Black Box: Indirect Influences | |
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| Inside the Black Box: Direct Influences | |
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| Empirical Evidence on Campaign Advertising | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: Other Sources of Information | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| The Mass Media and Voters' Information | |
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| Candidate Information and the Media | |
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| A Biased Information Source? | |
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| The Sources and Effects of Media Bias | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: A Referendum on Whom? | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| The Problems of Incomplete Information in Elections | |
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| Controlling the Behavior of Elected Officials | |
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| William Goodling's Unusual Election | |
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| A Return to Citizen Legislators | |
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| The Secret World of Incumbents | |
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| What the Voters May Not Know about Incumbents | |
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| Controlling Incumbents by Getting Information | |
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| Controlling Elected Officials on the Basis of Little Information | |
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| Empirical Evidence | |
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| Retrospective Voting and the Economy | |
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| Retrospective Voting and Parties | |
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| Should Incumbency Be Limited? | |
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| The Puzzle of the Increase in Term Limits | |
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| Voters' Changing the Electoral Calendar | |
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| Referenda and Initiatives | |
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| Elected versus Appointed Officials | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: What Voters Want | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Measuring Public Opinion | |
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| Psephology Failures | |
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| Public Opinion Polls and Elections | |
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| Show Me the Money | |
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| Election Night and Projecting Winners | |
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| Forecasting Elections before Campaigns Begin | |
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| What Do We Learn about Elections from Psephology Failures? | |
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| Do Elected Officials Read Polls? | |
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| Retrospective Voting and Public Opinion Polls | |
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| What Do Public Opinion Polls Tell Elected Officials? | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: Other Reasons Why Goodling's Election Was Special | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Federal Elections | |
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| Congressional Elections | |
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| Trying to Make a Difference | |
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| Apportionment and Membership of the House of Representatives | |
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| Redistricting | |
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| Gerrymandering | |
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| Does Gerrymandering Give Incumbents an Advantage? | |
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| The Decision to Run | |
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| Senate Elections | |
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| Are Congressional Races Special? | |
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| Not All Members Are Equal | |
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| Seniority, Elections, and Incumbency | |
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| Party Control, Positions of Power, and Upward Political Mobility | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: Moving Down the Street | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Presidential Primaries | |
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| Skipping Around or Sitting in Place? | |
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| What It Takes to Get on the Ballot in the Primaries | |
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| Hyperspeed | |
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| What It Takes to Get Nominated | |
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| How the Current System Works | |
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| How the Current System Works: The Evidence | |
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| Views of the State of Primaries | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: The Next Step | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Presidential Elections | |
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| Going West | |
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| How the Electoral College Works | |
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| The Electoral College and Campaigning | |
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| The Electoral Vote and Government Spending | |
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| Voters and Divided Government | |
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| What Happened to the Patient's Bill of Rights? | |
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| More Checks and Balances | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: Other Parties and Candidates | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Challenging the Majority | |
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| Minor Parties and Independent Candidates | |
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| Winning by Division | |
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| Voters' Choices in Three-Candidate Elections | |
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| Choosing Whether to Party | |
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| Moving to More Than One Dimension | |
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| Can Minor-Party or Independent Candidates Succeed in U.S. Elections? | |
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| How Influential Are Minor-Party and Independent Candidates? | |
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| Do Voters Vote Strategically? | |
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| Party Labels as Information and Coordination Devices | |
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| Nonpartisan Elections, Majority Requirements, and Coordination | |
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| Not Unique but Rare... | |
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| The Implications for Policy Choices | |
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| How Failing to Support David Worley Hurt the Democrats in 2000 | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Don't Know: The Major Political Parties and Civil Rights | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| Minority Voters and Representation | |
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| The Dilemma of Representation | |
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| What It Was Like | |
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| The South Today | |
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| The Current Rise in Diversity | |
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| Defining Minority Representation | |
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| Vote Denial | |
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| Vote Dilution | |
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| Vote Dilution, the Fifteenth Amendment, and the Voting Rights Act | |
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| Majority-Minority Districts and the Redistricting Debate of the 1990s | |
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| Majority-Minority Districts and Other Minorities | |
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| Are Majority-Minority Districts Good for Minorities? | |
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| The Future of Redistricting | |
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| Vote Denial Today | |
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| What We Know | |
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| Study Questions and Problems | |
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| The Future and Analyzing Elections | |
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| The 2008 Presidential Contest | |
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| The Message and What We Know Redux | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |