| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Instrumentation | |
| |
| |
The Orchestra--Yesterday and Today | |
| |
| |
Bowed String Instruments | |
| |
| |
Construction | |
| |
| |
Tuning | |
| |
| |
Fingering | |
| |
| |
Double, Triple, and Quadruple Stops | |
| |
| |
Divided Strings | |
| |
| |
Vibrato | |
| |
| |
Glissando and Portamento | |
| |
| |
The Bow | |
| |
| |
Bowing | |
| |
| |
Non legato | |
| |
| |
Legato | |
| |
| |
Special On-the-String Bowings | |
| |
| |
Special Off-the-String Bowings | |
| |
| |
Trills and Other Coloristic Effects Using the Bow | |
| |
| |
Coloristic Effects without the Bow | |
| |
| |
Mutes | |
| |
| |
Scordatura | |
| |
| |
Harmonics | |
| |
| |
Contemporary String Techniques | |
| |
| |
Individual Bowed String Instruments | |
| |
| |
Violin | |
| |
| |
Viola | |
| |
| |
Violoncello or Cello | |
| |
| |
Double Bass | |
| |
| |
Plucked String Instruments | |
| |
| |
Harp | |
| |
| |
Guitar | |
| |
| |
Mandolin | |
| |
| |
Banjo | |
| |
| |
Zither | |
| |
| |
Scoring for Strings | |
| |
| |
Individuality within the Ensemble | |
| |
| |
Foreground--Middleground--Background | |
| |
| |
Contrapuntal Writing for Strings | |
| |
| |
Homophonic Writing for Strings | |
| |
| |
Using the String Choir to Accompany a Soloist | |
| |
| |
Transcribing from Piano to Strings | |
| |
| |
The Woodwind Choir (Reed Aerophones) | |
| |
| |
Construction | |
| |
| |
Classifying Woodwind Instruments | |
| |
| |
The Principle of Transposition | |
| |
| |
Playing Techniques | |
| |
| |
The Woodwind Section of a Symphony Orchestra | |
| |
| |
Scoring for Woodwind Instruments | |
| |
| |
Individual Woodwinds | |
| |
| |
Flute | |
| |
| |
Piccolo | |
| |
| |
Alto Flute | |
| |
| |
Bass Flute | |
| |
| |
Oboe | |
| |
| |
English Horn | |
| |
| |
Other Members of the Oboe Family | |
| |
| |
Clarinet | |
| |
| |
"Piccolo" Clarinet: Clarinet in D or E[flat] | |
| |
| |
Bass Clarinet | |
| |
| |
Other Members of the Clarinet Family | |
| |
| |
Saxophone | |
| |
| |
Bassoon | |
| |
| |
Contrabassoon | |
| |
| |
Scoring for Woodwinds and Woodwind-String Combinations | |
| |
| |
The Role of Winds in the Symphony Orchestra | |
| |
| |
The Variety of Orchestral Treatments | |
| |
| |
Homophonic Writing for Winds | |
| |
| |
Contrapuntal Writing for Winds | |
| |
| |
Using the Wind Choir to Provide a Contrasting Color | |
| |
| |
Using the Wind Choir to Double Other Instruments of the Orchestra | |
| |
| |
New Types of Articulations for Woodwinds | |
| |
| |
Special Effects | |
| |
| |
Transcribing from Piano to Winds and Strings | |
| |
| |
Introduction to Brass Instruments | |
| |
| |
Composition of the Brass Section | |
| |
| |
Brass Instruments and the Written Orchestral Score | |
| |
| |
Overblowing and the Principle of the Harmonic Series | |
| |
| |
Crooks, Valves, and Slides | |
| |
| |
Range | |
| |
| |
Tone Production, Articulation, and Tonguing | |
| |
| |
Common Characteristics and Effects on All Brass Instruments | |
| |
| |
Mutes | |
| |
| |
Muting Devices Other Than Mutes | |
| |
| |
Individual Brass Instruments | |
| |
| |
Horn | |
| |
| |
Trumpet | |
| |
| |
Cornet | |
| |
| |
Other Members of the Trumpet Family | |
| |
| |
Trombone | |
| |
| |
Other Members of the Trombone Family | |
| |
| |
Tuba | |
| |
| |
Other Members of the Tuba Family | |
| |
| |
Scoring for Brass, and Brass Combined with Strings and Winds | |
| |
| |
Early Uses of the Brass Choir | |
| |
| |
Doubling of Brass Instruments within the Modern Orchestra | |
| |
| |
Homophonic Writing for the Brass Choir | |
| |
| |
Using the Brass Choir to Present the Melody | |
| |
| |
Contrapuntal Writing for the Brass Choir | |
| |
| |
Climactic Uses of the Brass Choir | |
| |
| |
Using the Brass Choir to Provide a Coloristic Effect | |
| |
| |
The Percussion Ensemble | |
| |
| |
Historical Uses of Percussion Instruments within the Orchestra | |
| |
| |
Number and Distribution of Percussion Players | |
| |
| |
Notation of Percussion Instruments | |
| |
| |
Mallets, Beaters, and Sticks | |
| |
| |
Categories of Percussion Instruments | |
| |
| |
Instruments of Definite Pitch | |
| |
| |
Idiophones: Mallet Instruments | |
| |
| |
Xylophone | |
| |
| |
Marimba | |
| |
| |
Vibraphone | |
| |
| |
Glockenspiel | |
| |
| |
Chimes | |
| |
| |
Crotales | |
| |
| |
Steel Drums | |
| |
| |
Idiophones: Shaken or Stroked Instruments | |
| |
| |
Musical Saw | |
| |
| |
Flexatone | |
| |
| |
Crystal Glasses | |
| |
| |
Membranophones | |
| |
| |
Timpani | |
| |
| |
Roto Toms | |
| |
| |
Chordophones | |
| |
| |
Cimbalom | |
| |
| |
Aerophones | |
| |
| |
Whistles | |
| |
| |
Instruments of Indefinite Pitch | |
| |
| |
Idiophones: Metal | |
| |
| |
Cymbals: Crash, Suspended, Hi-Hat, Sizzle, Chinese, Finger | |
| |
| |
Triangle | |
| |
| |
Anvil | |
| |
| |
Cowbells | |
| |
| |
Tam-Tam and Other Gongs | |
| |
| |
Wind Chimes | |
| |
| |
Sleigh Bells | |
| |
| |
Bell Tree | |
| |
| |
Brake Drum | |
| |
| |
Thunder Sheet | |
| |
| |
Idiophones: Wooden | |
| |
| |
Wood Blocks | |
| |
| |
Temple Blocks | |
| |
| |
Claves | |
| |
| |
Castanets | |
| |
| |
Sand Block or Sandpaper Block | |
| |
| |
Maracas | |
| |
| |
Jawbone; Vibraslap | |
| |
| |
Guiro | |
| |
| |
Ratchet | |
| |
| |
Slapstick or Whip | |
| |
| |
Log Drum and Slit Drum | |
| |
| |
Hammer | |
| |
| |
Membranophones | |
| |
| |
Snare Drum | |
| |
| |
Tenor Drum | |
| |
| |
Field Drum | |
| |
| |
Bass Drum | |
| |
| |
Tom-Toms | |
| |
| |
Timbales | |
| |
| |
Bongos | |
| |
| |
Conga Drum | |
| |
| |
Tambourine | |
| |
| |
Quica; String Drum or Lion's Roar | |
| |
| |
Aerophones | |
| |
| |
Sirens | |
| |
| |
Motor Horns | |
| |
| |
Wind Machine | |
| |
| |
Keyboard Instruments | |
| |
| |
Piano | |
| |
| |
Celesta | |
| |
| |
Harpsichord | |
| |
| |
Organ | |
| |
| |
Harmonium | |
| |
| |
Scoring for Percussion with Keyboard Alone or in Combination | |
| |
| |
Percussion Layout in the Full Score | |
| |
| |
Percussion Section Setup | |
| |
| |
Uses of the Percussion Section | |
| |
| |
Orchestration | |
| |
| |
Scoring for Orchestra | |
| |
| |
The Unison-Octave Tutti | |
| |
| |
The Distribution of Foreground--Middleground--Background Elements within the Orchestra | |
| |
| |
Orchestrating a Melody or Primary Gesture | |
| |
| |
Using the Orchestra to Create Special Effects | |
| |
| |
The Orchestra as Accompanist | |
| |
| |
The concerto | |
| |
| |
Accompanying the Vocal Soloist, Ensemble, or Chorus | |
| |
| |
Transcribing for Orchestra | |
| |
| |
Transcribing from Keyboard or Small Chamber Combinations to Orchestra | |
| |
| |
Transcribing from Band or Wind Ensemble to Orchestra | |
| |
| |
Transcribing to Various Available Instrumental Combinations | |
| |
| |
The Preparation of Score and Parts | |
| |
| |
The Orchestral Score Setup | |
| |
| |
The Reduced Score | |
| |
| |
The Condensed Score | |
| |
| |
Preparing Individual Parts | |
| |
| |
Scoring for Band or Wind Ensemble | |
| |
| |
Scoring for Band | |
| |
| |
Band Versus Wind Ensemble | |
| |
| |
The Percussion Section within the Band or Wind Ensemble | |
| |
| |
The Band and Wind Ensemble Score Setup | |
| |
| |
Condensed Scores | |
| |
| |
Transcribing from Orchestra to Band or Wind Ensemble | |
| |
| |
Appendices | |
| |
| |
Quick Reference Guides | |
| |
| |
Ranges of the Most Frequently Used Orchestral Instruments | |
| |
| |
Names of Instruments in Four Languages and Their English Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
Frequently Used Orchestral Terms in Four Languages | |
| |
| |
Select Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Orchestration | |
| |
| |
Individual Instrumental Technique | |
| |
| |
The History of the Orchestra and of Orchestral Instruments | |
| |
| |
Band and Wind Ensemble Scoring, Film Scoring, and Commercial Arranging | |
| |
| |
Computer and Electronic Music | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
Index | |