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| Observational Studies | |
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| What Are Observational Studies? | |
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| Some Observational Studies | |
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| Purpose of This Book | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Randomized Experiments | |
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| Introduction and Example: A Randomized Clinical Trial | |
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| The Lady Tasting Tea | |
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| Randomized Experiments | |
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| Testing the Hypothesis of No Treatment Effect | |
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| Simple Models for Treatment Effects | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| Point Estimates | |
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| More Complex Outcomes | |
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| Appendix: Effect Increasing Tests Under Alternatives | |
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| Appendix: The Set of Treatment Assignments | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Overt Bias in Observational Studies | |
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| Introduction: An Example and Planning Adjustments | |
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| Adjustments by Exact Stratification and Matching | |
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| Case-Referent Studies | |
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| Small Sample Inference with an Unknown Propensity Score | |
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| Large Sample Inference with an Unknown Propensity Score | |
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| Inexact Matching Followed by Stratification | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Sensitivity to Hidden Bias | |
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| What Is a Sensitivity Analysis? | |
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| A Model for Sensitivity Analysis | |
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| Matched Pairs | |
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| Sensitivity Analysis for Sign-Score Statistics | |
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| Multiple Controls and Continuous Responses | |
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| Sensitivity Analysis for Two Unmatched Groups | |
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| Appendix: Technical Results and Proofs | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Models for Treatment Effects | |
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| Effects That Vary from Person to Person | |
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| Order Statistics | |
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| Dilated Effects | |
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| Instrumental Variables | |
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| Attributable Effects: Binary Responses | |
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| Attributable Effects: Displacements | |
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| Inference About a Quantile | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix: Minimum Wage Data | |
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| References | |
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| Known Effects | |
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| Detecting Hidden Bias Using Known Effects | |
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| An Outcome Known to Be Unaffected by the Treatment | |
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| An Outcome With Known Direction of Effect | |
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| The Behavior of T with Nonnegative Effects | |
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| Bias of Known Direction | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Multiple Reference Groups in Case-Referent Studies | |
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| Multiple Reference Groups | |
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| Matched Studies with Two Referent Groups | |
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| Appendix: Selection and Hidden Bias | |
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| Appendix: Derivation of Bounds for Sensitivity Analysis | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Multiple Control Groups | |
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| The Role of a Second Control Group | |
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| Selecting Control Groups | |
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| Comparing Outcomes in Two Control Groups | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Coherence and Focused Hypotheses | |
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| Coherent Associations | |
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| Signed Rank Statistics for Coherent Predictions | |
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| Example: Do Anesthetic Gases Cause Mutations? | |
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| Properties of the Coherent Signed Rank Test | |
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| Some Other Forms of Coherence | |
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| Strengths and Limitations of Coherence | |
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| Appendix: Arrangement-Increasing Functions of Matrices | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Constructing Matched Sets and Strata | |
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| Introduction: Propensity Scores, Structures, Algorithms | |
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| The Propensity Score | |
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| Optimal Strata | |
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| Optimal Matching | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Software | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Planning an Observational Study | |
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| Introduction and Some Ground Rules | |
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| Three Observational Studies | |
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| Choice of Research Hypothesis | |
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| A Control Group | |
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| Defining Treated and Control Groups | |
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| Competing Theories | |
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| Internal Replication | |
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| Nondose Nonresponse: An Absent Association | |
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| Stability Analyses | |
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| Abrupt, Short-Lived Treatments | |
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| Natural Blocks | |
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| Refute Several Alternative Explanations | |
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| Bibliographic Notes | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Some Strategic Issues | |
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| What Are Strategic Issues? | |
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| Some Specific Suggestions | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |