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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Grammar? | |
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| Grammar Versus Usage | |
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| Descriptive Grammars | |
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| Grammatical Prototypes | |
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| Learning About Grammar | |
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| Aids to Learning About Language | |
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| Diagramming | |
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| IC Analysis | |
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| Phrase Structure Trees | |
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| Suggestions for Reading This Book | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Varieties of English | |
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| Regional Dialects | |
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| Social Dialects | |
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| Standard American English | |
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| Styles | |
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| Second Language Acquisition | |
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| English in an International Context | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| The Morphology of English | |
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| Morphemes | |
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| Allomorphs | |
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| Inflectional Morphemes | |
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| Noun Inflections | |
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| Verb Inflections | |
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| Adjective and Adverb Inflections | |
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| Functional Shift | |
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| Derivational Morphemes | |
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| Form Classes and Structure Classes | |
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| A Word About Words | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Form-Class Words | |
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| Form and Function | |
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| Forms with Overlapping Functions | |
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| Nouns | |
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| Prototypes and Peripheral Cases | |
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| Subclasses and Features | |
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| Noun Subclasses | |
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| Verbs | |
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| Verb Subclasses | |
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| Adjectives | |
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| Adjective Subclasses | |
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| Adverbs | |
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| Adverb Subclasses | |
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| Analyzing Form and Function | |
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| Comments and Suggestions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Endnote | |
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| Structure-Class Words | |
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| Structure-Class Versus Form-Class Words | |
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| Determiners | |
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| Diagrams and Trees | |
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| Auxiliaries | |
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| Modal Auxiliaries | |
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| Have | |
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| Be | |
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| Do | |
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| Diagrams and Trees | |
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| Qualifiers | |
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| Diagrams and Trees | |
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| Prepositions | |
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| Diagrams and Trees | |
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| Differences Between Prepositions and Adverbs | |
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| Differences Between Prepositions and Verb Particles | |
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| Differences Between Verb Particles and Adverbs | |
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| Pronouns | |
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| Pronouns as Noun-Phrase Substitutes | |
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| Personal Pronouns | |
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| Reflexive Pronouns | |
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| Reciprocal Pronouns | |
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| Indefinite Pronouns | |
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| Conjunctions | |
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| Coordinating Conjunctions | |
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| Conjunctive Adverbs | |
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| Subordinating Conjunctions | |
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| Relatives | |
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| Interrogatives | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Endnote | |
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| Phrases | |
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| Subjects and Predicates | |
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| Form and Function | |
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| Recognizing Phrase Types | |
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| The Main Verb Phrase | |
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| Creating Verb Phrases | |
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| Time, Tense, and Aspect | |
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| Simple Tenses | |
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| Modals | |
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| Finite and Nonfinite Verb Forms | |
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| Compound Verb Forms-Perfect and Progressive | |
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| The Meaning of Modals | |
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| Other Auxiliaries | |
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| Have and Be as Main Verbs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Five Basic Sentence Types | |
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| Binary Structure | |
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| The Intransitive Type | |
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| Linking (Copular) Verbs | |
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| The Verb Be Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place | |
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| The Linking Verb Type with Adjectival Subject Complement | |
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| The Linking Verb Type with Nominal Subject Complement | |
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| The Transitive Type | |
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| Transitive Verbs with Reflexive and Reciprocal Direct Objects | |
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| Transitive Verbs with Object Complements | |
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| Distinguishing Between Transitive and Linking Verb Sentence Types | |
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| Verbs That Function in More Than One Sentence Type | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Basic Sentence Transformations | |
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| The Indirect Object Transformation | |
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| Indirect Objects and Object Complements | |
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| The Passive Transformation | |
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| Direct and Indirect Objects | |
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| Other Transformations | |
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| Negative Sentences | |
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| Negative Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs | |
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| Negative Sentences with Be | |
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| Negative Sentences Without Auxiliary Verbs or Be | |
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| Interrogative Sentences | |
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| Yes/No Questions | |
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| Wh-Questions | |
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| Imperative Sentences | |
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| Verbs in Imperative Sentences | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Finite Verb Clauses, Part I: Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses | |
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| Sentence Varieties | |
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| Subordinate Clauses | |
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| Diagramming Subordinate Clauses | |
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| Subordinate Clauses That Can Function Adverbially or Adjectivally | |
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| Relative Clauses | |
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| Relative Clauses Within Prepositional Phrases | |
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| Diagramming Relative Clauses | |
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| The Omission of Relative Pronouns | |
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| Relative Adverbs | |
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| Relative Clauses Contrasted with Adverbial Subordinate Clauses | |
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| Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Endnote | |
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| Finite Verb Clauses, Part II: Nominal Clauses | |
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| That-Clauses | |
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| Differences Between Relative Clauses and Nominal That-Clauses | |
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| Appositive That-Clauses | |
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| Relative Clauses and Deletion Transformations: Appositives | |
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| Functions of Nominal That-Clauses | |
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| Diagramming Nominal That-Clauses | |
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| Interrogative Clauses | |
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| Diagramming Interrogative Clauses | |
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| Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses | |
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| Elliptical Dependent Clauses | |
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| Nominal Clauses-The Omission of That | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part I: Infinitive Phrases | |
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| Infinitive Phrases | |
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| Diagramming Infinitive Phrases | |
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| Clauses Embedded Within Infinitive Phrases | |
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| Passive Infinitives | |
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| Infinitives Without To | |
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| Functions of Infinitive Phrases | |
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| Adverbial Infinitives | |
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| Adjectival Infinitives | |
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| Nominal Infinitives | |
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| Differences Between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases | |
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| Peripheral Case-Ought To | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Endnote | |
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| Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part II: Participle and Gerund Phrases | |
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| Present Participle Phrases | |
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| Functions of Present Participle Phrases | |
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| Diagramming Present Participle Phrases | |
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| Differences Between Present Participles and Adjectives | |
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| Gerunds | |
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| Functions of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases | |
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| Differences Between Gerunds and Present Participles | |
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| Differences Between Gerunds and Nouns | |
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| Differences Between Gerunds and Participles | |
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| Past Participle Phrases | |
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| Functions of Past Participle Phrases | |
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| Differences Between Adjectival and Adverbial Past Participles | |
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| Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Participle Phrases | |
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| Differences Between Past Participles and Adjectives | |
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| Nominative Absolutes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Sounds of American English | |
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| Consonants of English | |
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| Allophones | |
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| Vowels of English | |
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| American Pronunciation | |
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| Pronunciation and Spelling | |
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| Phonics and Phonemic Awareness | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |