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| What is Ecology? | |
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| Introduction to the Science of Ecology | |
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| Definition of Ecology | |
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| History of Ecology | |
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| Basic Problems and Approaches to Ecology | |
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| Levels of Integration | |
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| Methods of Approach to Ecology | |
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| Application of the Scientific Method to Ecology | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Evolution and Ecology | |
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| What Is Evolution? | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| Coevolution | |
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| Units of Selection | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| The Problem of Distribution: Populations | |
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| Methods for Analyzing Distributions | |
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| Transplant Experiments | |
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| Physiological Ecology | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Factors That Limit Distributions: Dispersal | |
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| Examples of Dispersal | |
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| The Three Modes of Dispersal | |
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| Colonization and Extinction | |
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| Evolutionary Advantages of Dispersal | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Factors That Limit Distributions: Habitat Selection | |
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| Behavioral Mechanisms of Habitat Selection | |
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| Evolution of Habitat Preferences | |
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| A Theory of Habitat Selection | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Factors That Limit Distributions: Interrelations with Other Species | |
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| Predation | |
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| Disease and Parasitism | |
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| Allelopathy | |
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| Competition | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Factors That Limit Distributions: Temperature, Moisture, and Other Physical-Chemical Factors | |
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| Climatology | |
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| Temperature and Moisture as Limiting Factors | |
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| Light as a Limiting Factor | |
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| Climate Change and Species Distributions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| The Relationship Between Distribution and Abundance | |
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| The Spatial Scale of Geographic Ranges | |
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| Variations in Geographic Range Size | |
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| Range Size and Abundance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| The Problem of Abundance | |
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| Population Parameters | |
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| The Population as a Unit of Study | |
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| Unitary and Modular Organisms | |
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| Estimation of Population Parameters | |
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| Limitations of the Population Approach | |
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| Composition of Populations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Demographic Techniques: Vital Statistics | |
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| Life Tables | |
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| Intrinsic Capacity for Increase in Numbers | |
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| Reproductive Value | |
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| Age Distributions | |
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| Evolution of Demographic Traits | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Population Growth | |
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| Mathematical Theory | |
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| Laboratory Tests of the Logistics Theory | |
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| Field Data on Population Growth | |
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| Time-Lag Models of Population Growth | |
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| Stochastic Models of Population Growth | |
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| Population Projection Matrices | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Species Interactions: Competition | |
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| Classification of Species Interactions | |
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| Theories on Competition for Resources | |
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| Tilman's Model | |
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| Competition in Experimental Laboratory Populations | |
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| Competition in Natural Populations | |
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| Evolution of Competitive Ability | |
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| Character Displacement | |
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| Diffuse Competition and Indirect Effects | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Species Interactions: Predation | |
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| Mathematical Models of Predation | |
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| Laboratory Studies of Predation | |
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| Field Studies of Predation | |
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| Optimal Foraging Theory | |
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| Evolution of Predator-Prey Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Species Interactions: Herbivory and Mutualism | |
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| Defense Mechanisms in Plants | |
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| Herbivores on the Serengeti Plains | |
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| Can Grazing Benefit Plants? | |
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| Dynamics of Herbivore Populations | |
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| Seed Dispersal: An Example of Mutualism | |
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| Complex Species Interactions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Species Interactions: Disease and Parasitism | |
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| Mathematical Models of Host-Disease Interaction | |
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| Effects of Disease on Individuals | |
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| Effects on Mortality | |
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| Effects of Disease on Populations | |
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| Evolution of Host-Parasite Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Population Regulation | |
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| A Simple Model of Population Regulation | |
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| Historical Views of Population Regulation | |
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| A Modern Synthesis of Population Regulation | |
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| Two Approaches to Studying Population Dynamics | |
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| Plant Population Regulation | |
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| Source and Sink Populations | |
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| Evolutionary Implications of Population Regulation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Applied Problems I: Harvesting Populations | |
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| Logistic Models | |
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| Dynamic Pool Models | |
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| Laboratory Studies on Harvesting Theory | |
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| The Concept of Optimum Yield | |
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| Case Study: The King Crab Fishery | |
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| Case Study: The Northern Cod Fishery | |
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| Case Study: Antarctic Whaling | |
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| Risk-Aversive Management Strategies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Applied Problems II: Pest Control | |
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| Examples of Biological Control | |
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| Theory of Biological Control | |
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| Genetic Controls of Pests | |
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| Immunocontraception | |
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| Integrated Control | |
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| Generalizations About Biological Control | |
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| Risks of Biological Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Applied Problems III: Conservation Biology | |
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| Small-Population Paradigm | |
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| Impacts of Introduced Species | |
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| Reserve Design and Reserve Selection | |
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| Examples of Conservation Problems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Question and Problems | |
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| Distribution and Abundance at the Community Level | |
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| The Nature of the Community | |
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| Dynamic Relations Between Populations | |
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| Community Characteristics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Community Change | |
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| Primary Succession on Mount St. Helens | |
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| Concepts of Succession | |
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| A Simple Mathematical Model of Succession | |
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| Case Studies of Succession | |
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| The Climax State | |
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| Patch Dynamics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Community Organization I: Biodiversity | |
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| Measurement of Biodiversity | |
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| Some Examples of Diversity Gradients | |
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| Factors That Might Cause Diversity Gradients | |
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| Local and Regional Diversity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Community Organization II: Predation and Competition in Equilibrial Communities | |
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| Food Chains and Trophic Levels | |
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| Functional Roles and Guilds | |
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| Keystone Species | |
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| Dominant Species | |
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| Community Stability | |
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| Restoration Ecology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Community Organization III: Distribance and Nonequilibrium Communities | |
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| Patches and Disturbance | |
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| The Role of Disturbance in Communities | |
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| Theoretical Nonequilibrium Models | |
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| Conceptual Models of Community Organization | |
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| The Special Case of Island Species | |
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| Multiple Stable States in Communities | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Ecosystem Metabolism I: Primary Production | |
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| Primary Production | |
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| Factors That Limit Primary Productivity | |
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| Plant Diversity and Productivity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Ecosystem Metabolism II: Secondary Production | |
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| Measure of Secondary Production | |
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| Problems in Estimating Secondary Production | |
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| Ecological Efficiencies | |
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| What Limits Secondary Production? | |
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| Sustainable Energy Budgets | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Ecosystem Metabolism III: Nutrient Cycles | |
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| Nutrient Pools and Exchanges | |
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| Nutrient Cycles in Forests | |
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| Efficiency of Nutrient Use | |
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| Acid Rain: The Sulfur Cycle | |
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| The Nitrogen Cycle | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Ecosystem Health: Human Impacts | |
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| Human Population Growth | |
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| The Carbon Cycle | |
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| Individual Plant Responses to CO[subscript 2] | |
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| Climate Change | |
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| Changes in Land Use | |
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| Biotic Invasions and Species Ranges | |
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| Ecosystem Services | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| A Primer on Population Genetics | |
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| Estimation of the Size of the Marked Population in Capture-Recapture Studies | |
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| Instantaneous and Finite Rates | |
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| Species Diversity Measures of Heterogeneity | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Credits | |
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| Species Index | |
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| Subject Index | |