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Origins, ca. 400,000-1100 B.C.E. | |
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A Mesopotamian Creation Myth, ca. 2000-1000 B.C.E. | |
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The Epic of Gilgamesh, ca. 2750 B.C.E. | |
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The Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1780 B.C.E. | |
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The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Declaration of Innocence, ca. 2100-1800 B.C.E. | |
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Viewpoints: Kings and Gods | |
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Akhenaten, The Hymn to the Aten, ca. 1350 B.C.E. | |
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Sacred Kingship: Set, Rameses II, and Horus, ca. 1244 B.C.E. | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires in the Near East ca. 1100-513 B.C.E. | |
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Book of Genesis: The Hebrews Explain Creation, ca. 950-450 B.C.E. | |
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Exodus and Deuteronomy: The Hebrew Law and Covenant, ca. 950-450 B.C.E. | |
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Book of 2 Kings: Jerusalem Saved, 701 B.C.E. | |
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Viewpoints: The Legacy of Cyrus | |
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Cyrus of Persia, Ruling an Empire, ca. 550 B.C.E | |
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Book of Isaiah: Blessings for Cyrus, ca. 550 B.C.E | |
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Zoroaster, Gatha 30: Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds, ca. 600 B.C.E. | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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The Development of Classical Greece, ca. 2000-338 B.C.E. | |
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Homer, The Odyssey: Odysseus and the Sirens, ca. 800 B.C.E. | |
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Hesiod, Works and Days, ca. 800 B.C.E. | |
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Archilochus of Paros, Sappho of Lesbos, Anacreon of Teos, Lyric Poems, ca. 700-450 B.C.E. | |
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Viewpoints: Political Philosophy | |
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Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War: Pericles' Funeral Oration, ca. 400 B.C.E. | |
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Plato, The Republic: The Allegory of the Cave, ca. 360 B.C.E. | |
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Aristotle, Politics: Democracy, ca. 340 B.C.E. | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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The Hellenistic World, 336-30 B.C.E. | |
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On the Burial of Alexander and Hephaestion: Ephippus of Olynthus Remembers Alexander the Great, ca. 323 B.C.E. | |
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Religious and Political Mixing: The Ptolemies of Egypt, ca. 270-246 B.C.E. | |
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Viewpoints: Living the Good Life | |
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Diogenes Laertius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers: Diogenes of Sinope, ca. 300-200 B.C.E. | |
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Epicurus, The Principal Doctrines of Epicureanism, ca. 306 B.C.E. | |
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Epictetus, Encheiridion, or The Manual, ca. 100 C.E. | |
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The Maccabee Revolt, ca. 175 B.C.E. | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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The Rise of Rome, ca. 750-31 B.C.E. | |
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Livy, The Rape of Lucretia, ca. 27-25 B.C.E. | |
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A Roman Wedding, ca. 160 C.E. | |
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Manumissions of Hellenistic Slaves: The Process of Freedom, ca. 167-101 B.C.E. | |
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Seneca, The Sounds of a Roman Bath, ca. 50 C.E. | |
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Viewpoints: Political Unrest in Rome | |
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Appian of Alexandria, The Civil Wars, ca. 100 C.E. | |
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Plutarch, On Julius Caesar, a Man of Unlimited Ambition, ca. 44 B.C.E. | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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The Pax Romana, 31 B.C.E.-284 C.E. | |
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Viewpoints: Romans and Others | |
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Juvenal, The Third Satire: What Is There to Do in Rome?, ca. 100 C.E. | |
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Tacitus, Germania: Rome Encounters the Noble Savages, ca. 100 C.E. | |
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Apuleius, The Golden Ass: The Veneration of Isis, ca. 170 C.E. | |
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The Gospel According to Matthew: The Sermon on the Mount, 28 C.E. | |
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The Alexamenos Graffito, ca. 100 C.E. | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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Late Antiquity, 250-600 | |
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Saint Ambrose of Milan, Emperor Theodosius Brought to Heel, 390 | |
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Saint Benedict of Nursia, The Rule of Saint Benedict, 529 | |
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Saint Augustine, City of God: The Two Cities, 413-426 | |
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Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks, 594 | |
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Viewpoints: The Character of an Emperor | |
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Justinian, The Institutes of Justinian, 529-533 | |
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Procopius, The Secret History: Justice for Sale, ca. 550 | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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Europe in the Early Middle Ages, 600-1000 | |
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Ibn Abd-el-Hakem, The Conquest of Spain, ca. 870 | |
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Willibald, Saint Boniface Destroys the Oak of Thor, ca. 750 | |
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Viewpoints: Religion and Empire | |
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Einhard, Life of Charlemagne, ca. 835 | |
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A Russian Chronicle of Religious Competition in Kievan Rus, ca. 1100 | |
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The Song of Roland, ca. 1100-1300 | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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State and Church in the High Middle Ages, 1000-1300 | |
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Viewpoints: Imperial Representations | |
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Otto III of the Holy Roman Empire, ca. 1000 | |
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Otto IV and Innocent III, ca. 1209 | |
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Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: William the Conqueror and the Domesday Book, 1086 | |
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King John of England, From Magna Carta: The Great Charter of Liberties, 1215 | |
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Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV, Mutual Recriminations: The Investiture Controversy Begins, 1076 | |
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Robert the Monk of Rheims, Urban II at the Council of Clermont: A Call for Crusade, ca. 1120 | |
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Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, ca. 1148 | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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The Life of the People in the High Middle Ages, 1000-1300 | |
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Manorial Records of Bernehorne, 1307 | |
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On Laborers: A Dialogue Between Teacher and Student, ca. 1000 | |
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Viewpoints: Christians, Jews, and Muslims In Contact | |
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Fulcher of Chartres, Christians Far from Home, ca. 1100 | |
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Usamah Ibn Munqidh, Observations on the Franks, ca. 1175 | |
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Benjamin of Tudela, A Jewish Travel Journal, ca. 1173 | |
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Duke William of Aquitaine, On the Foundation of Cluny, 909 | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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The Creativity and Challenges of Medieval Cities, 1100-1300 | |
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Viewpoints: Living and Working in A Medieval City | |
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The Charter of the Laon Commune, 1328 | |
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The Ordinances of London's Leatherworkers, 1346 | |
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The Commune of Florence, A Sumptuary Law: Restrictions on Dress, 1373 | |
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Saint Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica: Proof of the Existence of God, 1268 | |
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Marie de France, The Nightingale, ca. 1200 | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages, 1300-1450 | |
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Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron: The Plague Hits Florence, ca. 1350 | |
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The Anonimalle Chronicle: The English Peasants' Revolt, 1381 | |
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Petrarca-Meister, The Social Order, ca. 1500 | |
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Jean Froissart, The Sack of Limoges: On Warfare Without Chivalry, ca. 1400 | |
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Viewpoints: Women and Power | |
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Catherine of Siena, Letter to Gregory XI, 1372 | |
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Joan of Arc, Letter to the English, 1431 | |
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Comparative Questions | |
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European Society in the Age of the Renaissance, 1350-1550 | |
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Petrarch, Letter to Livy, ca. 1350 | |
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Viewpoints: The Renaissance State | |
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Leonardo Bruni, Panegyric to Florence, ca. 1403 | |
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Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince: Power Politics During the Italian Renaissance, 1513 | |