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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: Working with Historical Sources | |
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| Early Western Civilization, 4000-1000 B.C.E. | |
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| Denning Humanity: Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2000 B.C.E.) | |
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| Establishing Law and Justice: King Hammurabi, The Code of Hammurabi (Early Eighteenth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Praising the One God: Hymn to the Aten (Fourteenth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Writing Experiences: Egyptian Scribal Exercise Book (Twelfth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Allying for Peace: The "Eternal Treaty" between the Egyptians and Hittites (c. 1259 B.C.E.) | |
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| Empires in the Near East and the Reemergence of Civilization in Greece, 1000-500 B.C.E. | |
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| Empires and Divine Right: Inscription Honoring Cyrus, King of Persia (r. c. 557-530 B.C.E.) | |
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| Monotheism and Mosaic Law: The Book of Exodus, Chapters 19-20 (c. Tenth-Sixth Centuries B.C.E.) | |
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| The Quest for Individual Excellence (Arete): Homer, The Odyssey (Eighth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Two Visions of the City-State: Tyrtaeus of Sparta and Solon of Athens, Poems (Seventh-Sixth Centuries B.C.E.) | |
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| Economics and the Expansion of Slavery: Xenophon, Revenues (Fourth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| The Greek Golden Age, c. 500-c. 400 B.C.E. | |
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| The Golden Age of Athens: Thucydides, The Funeral Oration of Pericles (429 B.C.E.) | |
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| Movement in Stone: Myron of Eleutherai, Discus Thrower (c. 450 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Emergence of Philosophy: Plato, The Apology of Socrates (399 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Advance of Science: Hippocrates of Cos, On the Sacred Disease (400 B.C.E.) | |
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| Domestic Boundaries: Euphiletus, A Husband Speaks in His Own Defense (c. 400 B.C.E.) and Overhead Views of a House on the North Slope of the Areopagus (Fifth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Protesting War, Performing Satire: Aristophanes, Lysistrata (411 B.C.E.) | |
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| From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400-30 B.C.E. | |
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| The Conquest of New Lands: Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander the Great (Fourth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Imperial Bureaucracy: Zeno, Egyptian Official, Records (259-250 B.C.E.) | |
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| Everyday Life: Funerary Inscriptions and Epitaphs (Fifth-First Centuries B.C.E.) | |
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| In Pursuit of Happiness: Epicurus, Letter to a Friend (Late Third Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Exacting Science: Archimedes, Letter to Eratosthenes (Third Century B.C.E.) and Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, Archimedes' "Eureka!"Moment (c. 30-20 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Rise of Rome and Its Republic, 753-44 B.C.E. | |
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| Formalizing Roman Law: The Twelve Tables (451-449 B.C.E.) | |
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| Artistic Influences: Etruscan Statuette of a Rider (c. 434-400 B.C.E.) and Roman Bust of Lucius Junius Brutus (c. 300 B.C.E.) | |
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| Status and Discrimination: Roman Women Demonstrate against the Oppian Law (195 B.C.E.) | |
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| "Cultivating Justice and Piety": Cicero, On the Commonwealth (54 B.C.E.) | |
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| Failure and Factionalism: The Gracchan Reforms (133 B.C.E.) | |
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| Toward Empire: Julius Caesar, The Gallic War (52 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Creation of the Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E.-284 C.E. | |
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| An Empire Foretold: Virgil, The Aeneid (First Century B.C.E.) | |
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| An Urban Empire: Notices and Graffiti Describe Life in Pompeii (First Century C.E.) | |
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| New Influences to the North: Tacitus, Germania (c. 98 C.E.) | |
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| The Making of a New Religion: Paul of Tarsus, Letter to the Galatians (First Century C.E.) | |
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| The Cult of Isis: Apulieus, The Golden Ass (c. 170 c.E.) | |
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| The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284-600 C.E. | |
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| The Establishment of Roman Christian Doctrine: Arius, Letter to Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria (c. 320 C.E.) and The Nicene Creed (325 C.E.) | |
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| The Struggle of Conversion: Augustine of Hippo, Confessions (c. 397) | |
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| The Development of Monasticism: Benedict of Nursia, The Rule of Saint Benedict (c. 540) | |
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| Germanic Law in the Roman Empire: The Burgundian Code (c. 475-525 C.E.) | |
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| Emergence of Byzantium: Procopius, Secret History (550 C.E.) | |
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| The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe, 600-750 | |
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| The Foundations of Islam: Qur�an, Suras 1, 53, 98 (c. 610-632) | |
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| Jihad and Jizya: Islamic Terms of Peace (633-643) | |
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| Byzantine Life: The Life of St. Theodore of Sykeon (Early Seventh Century) | |
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| A Noblewoman's Life: The Life of Lady Balthild, Queen of the Franks (Late Seventh Century) | |
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| Roman Christian Missions: Pope Gregory the Great, Letters (598-601) | |
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| From Centralization to Fragmentation, 750-1050 | |
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| The Rule of Charlemagne: General Capitulary for the Missi (802) | |
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| Resistance from Constantinople: Liutprand of Cremona, Report to Otto I (968) | |
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| The Macedonian Renaissance: Harbaville Triptych (c. 950) | |
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| A New Islamic Dynasty: Ahmad al-Ya'qubi, Kitdb al-buldan (Ninth Century) | |
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| Advances in Medicine: Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyu Al-razi, A Treatise on the Small-Pox and Measles (c. 910) | |
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| The Faithful Vassal: Fulbert of Chartres, Letter to William of Aquitaine (1020) | |
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| Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform, 1050-1150 | |
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| Medieval Business: Commenda Contracts (Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries) | |
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| Sources of the Investiture Conflict: Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, Letter and Excommunication (1076) | |
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| Calling the First Crusade: Fulcher of Chartres, Pope Urban II's Speech at Clermont (1095) | |
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| Arab Response to the First Crusade: Ibn al-Athir, A Muslim Perspective (1097-1099) | |
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| The Power of William I: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1085-1086) and Domesday Book (1086-1087) | |
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| The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150-1215 | |
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| New Learning: Peter Abelard, The Story of My Misfortunes (c. 1132) | |
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| Scholarly Pursuits and Youthful Frolics: Medieval University Life (Twelfth-Early Thirteenth Centuries) | |
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| Courtly Love: Chretien de Troyes, Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart (c. 1170s) | |
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| Franciscan Piety: St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi, Selected Writings (Thirteenth Century) | |
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| The Sack of Constantinople: Annals of Niketas Choniates (1204) | |
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| The Medieval Synthesis - and Its Cracks, 1215-1340 | |
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| Reconciling Faith and Reason: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae (1273) | |
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| A Female Mystic: Hadewijch of Brabant, Letters and Poems (1220-1240) | |
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| Defining Outsiders: Thomas of Monmouth, The Life and Martyrdom of St. William of Norwich (c. 1173) | |
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| Imagining Hell: Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy (1313-1321) | |
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| The New Power of Medieval States: Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam (1302) and King Philip IV of France, General Assembly of Paris (1303) | |
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| Crisis and Renaissance, 1340-1492 | |
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| Demographic Catastrophe: The Black Death (Fourteenth Century) | |
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| Crisis and Change: Thomas Walsingham: Peasant Rebels in London (1381) | |
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| Satirizing the Church: Geoffrey Chaucer, The Pardoner's Prologue (1387-1400) | |
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| Preaching Reform: Jan Hus, Letters (1408-1415) | |
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| Extolling Humanism: Giovanni Rucellai and Leonardo Bruni, Florence in the Quattrocento (1427 and 1457) | |
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| Women's Place in Renaissance Italy: Alessandra, Letters from a Widow and Matriarch of a Great Family (1450-1465) | |
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| Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation, 1492-1560 | |
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| Worlds Collide: Bernal Diaz del Castillo, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain (c. 1567) | |
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| Illustrating a Native Perspective: Lienzo de Tlaxcala (c. 1560) | |
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| Defending Native Humanity: Bartolom� de Las Casas, In Defense of the Indians (c. 1548-1550) | |
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| Scripture and Salvation: Martin Luther, Freedom of a Christian (1520) | |
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| Reforming Christianity: John Calvin, Articles Concerning Predestination (c. 1560) and The Necessity of Reforming the Church (1543) | |
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| Responding to Reformation: St. Ignatius of Loyola, A New Kind of Catholicism (1546, 1549, 1553) | |
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| Wars of Religion and Clash of Worldviews, 1560-1648 | |
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| Legislating Tolerance: Henry IV, Edict of Nantes (1598) | |
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| Barbarians All: Michel de Montaigne, Of Cannibals (1580s) | |
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| Defending Religious Liberty: Apology of the Bohemian Estates (May 25, 1618) | |
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| The Scientific Challenge: Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615) | |
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| The Persecution of Witches: The Trial of Suzanne Gaudry (1652) | |
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| Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the Search for Order, 1640-1715 | |
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| Mercantilism in the Colonies: Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Instructions (1667, 1668) and A Royal Ordinance (1669) | |
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| Regime Change: The Trial of Charles I (January 1649) | |
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| Civil War and Social Contract: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651) | |
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| The Consent of the Governed: John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government (1690) | |
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| Opposing Serfdom: Ludwig Fabritius, The Revolt of Stenka Razin (1670) | |
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| The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1700-1750 | |
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| Captivity and Enslavement: Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Written by Himself (1789) | |
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| A "Sober and Wholesome Drink": A Brief Description of the Excellent Vertues of That Sober and Wholesome Drink, Called Coffee (1674) | |
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| Westernizing Russian Culture: Peter I, Decrees and Statutes (1701-1723) | |
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| Early Enlightenment: Voltaire, Letters Concerning the English Nation (1733) | |
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| Questioning Women's Submission: Mary Astell, Reflections upon Marriage (1706) | |