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| Preface for Instructors | |
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| Making Arguments | |
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| What Is Literature: What Is Argument? | |
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| How Have People Defined Literature? | |
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| Why Read Literature? | |
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| What is Argument? | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| Developing Arguments about Literature | |
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| Responding to Four Poems about Work | |
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| The Chimney Sweeper | |
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| Hard Work | |
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| What I Wouldn't Do | |
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| Shoplifters | |
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| The Elements of Argument | |
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| Issues | |
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| Claims | |
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| Persuasion | |
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| Audience | |
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| Evidence | |
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| Warrants | |
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| Literature as Argument | |
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| When I Consider How My Light Is Spent | |
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| Investigating Topics of Literary Criticism | |
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| Night Waitress | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| Writing an Argument | |
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| The Solitary Reaper | |
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| Exploring | |
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| Planning | |
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| Composing | |
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| Title | |
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| Style | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Development | |
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| Emphasis | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further Suggestions for Developing an Argument about a Work of Literature | |
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| Sample Student Paper: First Draft | |
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| The Passage of Time in "The Solitary Reaper" | |
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| Revising | |
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| Recognizing and Avoiding Fallacies | |
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| Logic | |
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| Organization | |
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| Clarity | |
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| Emphasis | |
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| Style | |
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| Grammar | |
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| Physical Appearance | |
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| Sample Student Paper: Revised Draft | |
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| The Passage of Time in "The Solitary Reaper" | |
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| Writing a Comparative Paper | |
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| Four Secretaries | |
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| Sample Comparative Paper | |
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| When Singing Is Not Singing | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| Making Arguments about Stories | |
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| A Visit of Charity | |
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| The Use of Force | |
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| The Gift of Sweat | |
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| Students' Personal Responses to the Stories | |
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| The Elements of Short Fiction | |
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| Plot and Structure | |
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| Point of View | |
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| Characters | |
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| Setting | |
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| Imagery | |
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| Language | |
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| Theme | |
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| Sample Student Paper: Final Draft | |
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| Forms of Blindness in "The Use of Force" | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| Making Arguments about Poems | |
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| In Creve Couer, Missouri | |
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| We Did Not Fear the Father | |
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| What Work Is | |
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| The Mill | |
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| Blackberries | |
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| Singapore | |
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| A Student's Personal Responses to the Poems | |
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| Sample Student Paper: First Draft | |
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| Boundaries in Robinson, Komunyakaa, and Oliver | |
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| The Elements of Poetry | |
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| Speaker and Tone | |
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| Diction and Syntax | |
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| Figures of Speech | |
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| Sound | |
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| Rhythm and Meter | |
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| Theme | |
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| Revised Student Draft | |
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| Negotiating Boundaries | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| Making Arguments about Plays | |
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| The Stronger | |
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| Trifles | |
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| A Student's Personal Response to the Plays | |
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| The Elements of Drama | |
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| Plot and Structure | |
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| Characters | |
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| Stage Directions and Setting | |
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| Imagery | |
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| Language | |
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| Theme | |
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| Writing | |
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| Sample Student Paper | |
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| "Which Is the Stronger Actress in Strindberg's Play?" | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| Making Arguments about Essays | |
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| Many Rivers to Cross | |
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| In Search of Our Mother's Gardens | |
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| A Student's Personal Response | |
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| The Elements of Essays | |
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| Voice | |
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| Style | |
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| Structure | |
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| Ideas | |
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| Sample Student Paper | |
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| Resisting Women's Roles | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| Writing a Research Paper | |
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| Identifying an Issue and a Tentative Claim | |
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| Finding and Using Secondary Sources | |
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| Finding Sources in the Library | |
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| Evaluating Sources | |
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| Finding Sources with a Computer | |
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| Taking Notes: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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| Writing the Paper: Integrating Sources | |
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| Documenting Sources: MLA Format | |
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| MLA In-Text Citation | |
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| MLA Works Cited | |
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| Books | |
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| Short Works from Collections and Anthologies | |
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| Works in Periodicals | |
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| CD-ROMs | |
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| The Internet | |
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| Personal Communication | |
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| Multiple Works by the Same Author | |
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| Sample Student Research Paper | |
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| Racial Disharmony and "D�”¿½sir�”¿½e's Baby" | |
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| Mending Wall | |