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| Overview | |
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| Comparative Digestive Physiology of Dogs and Cats | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Digestive Compartments and Functions | |
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| Mouth | |
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| Esophagus | |
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| Stomach | |
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| Gastric Emptying | |
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| Small Intestine, Pancreas, and Liver | |
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| Large Intestine | |
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| Hormonal Aspects of Digestion | |
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| Measurement of, and Factors Affecting, Digestibility | |
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| References | |
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| Feeding Behavior of Dogs and Cats | |
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| Food Ingestion by Feral Dogs and Cats | |
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| Diurnal Rhythms, and Feeding and Drinking Patterns | |
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| Role of Imprinting and Social Factors on Feeding Behavior | |
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| Dietary Choice, Palatability, Learned Taste Aversions, and Preferences | |
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| Control of Food Intake | |
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| Feeding Recommendations | |
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| References | |
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| Energy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy Evaluation and Requirements: Two Ways of Looking at the Issue | |
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| Energy Evaluation | |
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| Methods of Estimating Energy in Food | |
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| Prediction of Energy Content | |
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| Energy Requirements of Dogs | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Basis for Establishing Energy Requirements | |
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| Basal Metabolic Rate | |
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| Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Resting Fed Metabolic Rate | |
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| Adult Maintenance | |
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| Gestation | |
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| Lactation | |
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| Growth | |
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| Physical Activity | |
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| Energy Requirements of Cats | |
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| Basis for Establishing Energy Requirements | |
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| Basal Metabolic Rate and Dietary Thermogenesis | |
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| Adult Maintenance | |
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| Gestation | |
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| Lactation | |
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| Growth | |
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| Energy Deficiency and Excess in Dogs and Cats | |
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| Body Condition | |
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| References | |
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| Carbohydrates and Fiber | |
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| Definition, Classification, and Measurement | |
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| Absorbable Carbohydrates | |
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| Digestible Carbohydrates | |
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| Fermentable Carbohydrates | |
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| Nonfermentable Carbohydrates | |
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| Absorbable Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides and Sugar Alcohols) | |
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| Presence in Foodstuffs | |
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| Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization | |
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| Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization | |
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| Nutritive Value | |
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| Physicochemical Effects | |
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| Physiological Effects | |
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| Health-Related Characteristics | |
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| Digestible Carbohydrates (Disaccharides, Certain Oligosaccharides, and Nonstructural Polysaccharides) | |
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| Presence in Foodstuffs | |
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| Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization | |
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| Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization | |
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| Nutritive Value | |
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| Physicochemical Effects | |
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| Physiological Effects | |
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| Health-Related Characteristics | |
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| Fermentable Carbohydrates (Lactose, Certain Oligosaccharides, Dietary Fibers, and Resistant Starch) | |
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| Presence in Foodstuffs | |
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| Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization | |
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| Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization | |
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| Nutritive Value | |
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| Physicochemical Effects | |
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| Physiological Effects | |
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| Health-Related Characteristics | |
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| Poorly Fermentable Carbohydrates (Cellulose and Wheat Bran) | |
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| Presence in Foodstuffs | |
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| Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization | |
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| Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization | |
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| Nutritive Value | |
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| Physicochemical Effects | |
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| Physiological Effects | |
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| Health-Related Characteristics | |
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| Carbohydrates in Dog and Cat Diet Formulations | |
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| References | |
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| Fat and Fatty Acids | |
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| Importance of Dietary Fats and Fatty Acids | |
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| Types and Sources of Dietary Fats and Fatty Acids | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Sources | |
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| Trans Fatty Acids | |
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| Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols | |
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| Conjugated Linoleic Acid | |
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| Other Sources | |
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| Analytical Procedures | |
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| Acid Hydrolysis | |
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| Extraction and Saponification of Fatty Acids | |
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| Extraction for Total Lipid Analysis | |
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| Fat Energy and Nutrient Density | |
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| Digestion and Absorption | |
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| Preduodenal Lipase | |
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| Pancreatic Lipase | |
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| Other Lipases | |
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| Summary of Triacylglycerol Hydrolysis | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Digestibility | |
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| Biochemical Basis of Fatty Acid Essentiality | |
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| Biosynthesis | |
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| Desaturation and Elongation | |
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| Fatty Acid Ratios | |
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| Essential Fatty Acid Utilization for Structure and Function | |
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| Comparative Studies | |
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| Membrane Composition and Integrity | |
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| Lipid-Protein Interactions | |
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| Eicosanoid Production | |
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| Growth and Development | |
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| Canine Studies | |
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| Signs of Deficiency or Excess | |
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| Skin and Hair Coat | |
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| Inflammatory and Immune Cell Structure and Function | |
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| Feline Studies | |
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| Signs of Deficiency or Excess | |
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| Evidence for Limited [Delta]6 Desaturase Activities | |
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| Dietary LCPUFA and Feline Life Stage | |
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| Immune, Inflammatory, and Platelet Cell Functions | |
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| Requirements, Recommendations, and Allowances | |
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| Essential Fatty Acids for Dogs and Cats | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Fat Content of Diets: Preferences, Minima, and Maxima | |
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| Growth | |
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| Adult Maintenance | |
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| Gestation and Lactation | |
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| Cats | |
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| Fat Content of Diets: Preferences, Minima, and Maxima | |
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| Growth | |
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| Adult Maintenance | |
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| Gestation and Lactation | |
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| References | |
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| Protein and Amino Acids | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Essentiality of Amino Acids | |
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| Digestibility and Bioavailability of Protein and Amino Acids | |
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| Assessing Protein and Amino Acid Status | |
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| Requirements, Allowances, and Tolerances of Protein and Amino Acids | |
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| Role of Metabolic Adaptation in Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition | |
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| Nitrogen (Crude Protein) Minimum Requirements, Recommended Allowances, and Adequate Intakes | |
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| Amino Acid Minimum Requirements, Recommended Allowances, Adequate Intakes, and Safe Upper Limits | |
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| Dispensable Amino Acids | |
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| Amino Acid Imbalances and Antagonisms | |
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| References | |
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| Minerals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Minerals and Acid-Base Balance | |
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| Macrominerals | |
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| Calcium | |
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| Phosphorus | |
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| Magnesium | |
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| Sodium | |
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| Potassium | |
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| Chloride | |
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| Trace Minerals | |
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| Iron | |
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| Copper | |
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| Zinc | |
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| Manganese | |
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| Selenium | |
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| Iodine | |
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| Other Minerals | |
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| Arsenic | |
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| Boron | |
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| Chromium | |
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| Molybdenum | |
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| Silicon | |
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| Nickel | |
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| Vanadium | |
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| Miscellaneous Minerals | |
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| References | |
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| Vitamins | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Vitamin A | |
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| Absorption, Transport, and Storage | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Vitamin D | |
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| Absorption, Transport, and Storage | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Vitamin E | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Vitamin K | |
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| Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Thiamin (Vitamin B[subscript 1]) | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Riboflavin | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Vitamin B[subscript 6] | |
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| Absorption, Transport, and Storage | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Niacin | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Pantothenic Acid | |
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| Absorption, Transport, and Storage | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Cobalamin (Vitamin B[subscript 12]) | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Folic Acid | |
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| Absorption, Transport, and Storage | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Biotin | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Choline | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Ascorbic Acid | |
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| Biological Function | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Vitamin-Like Substances | |
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| Vitamin Losses During Processing and Storage of Dog and Cat Foods | |
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| References | |
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| Water | |
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| General Principles | |
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| Function | |
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| Regulation of Intake by Dogs and Cats | |
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| Deficiency in Dogs and Cats | |
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| Requirements of Dogs | |
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| Requirements for Maintenance | |
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| Requirements for Other Life Stages | |
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| Requirements for Work and Environmental Stress | |
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| Requirements of Cats | |
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| Requirements for Maintenance and Other Life Stages | |
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| Water and Feline Lower Urinary Tract Health | |
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| Recommended Allowances | |
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| Toxicity in Dogs and Cats | |
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| References | |
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| Special Considerations for Laboratory Animals | |
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| Requirements | |
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| Energy | |
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| Nutrients Other Than Energy | |
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| Food Selection | |
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| General | |
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| Certified Diets | |
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| Purified and Chemically Defined Diets | |
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| Foods for Specific Dietary Purposes (e.g., Medical Foods) | |
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| Feeding Management | |
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| Life-Stage Designation of Food | |
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| Form of Food | |
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| Amount Fed | |
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| Frequency of Feeding | |
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| Storage of Food | |
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| References | |
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| Physical Activity and Environment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Calculations and Assumptions | |
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| How Much Exercise Do Dogs and Cats Undertake? | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Types of Exercise: Sprinting Versus Endurance | |
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| Sprint Exercise Over a Distance of Less Than One Kilometer | |
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| Endurance Exercise Over Distances Greater Than One Kilometer | |
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| Traditional Diets Fed to Racing Dogs | |
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| Sled Dogs | |
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| Greyhounds | |
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| Diet and Health During Exercise | |
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| Effect of Exercise on Intestinal Function | |
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| Exercise and Digestibility | |
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| When to Feed Exercising Dogs | |
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| Exercise and Body Condition | |
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| Effect of Confinement and Training | |
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| Energy Requirements | |
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| Minimal Metabolism | |
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| Anxiety | |
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| Circadian Rhythms | |
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| Cold-Induced Thermogenesis | |
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| Nutrients in a Warm Environment | |
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| Effect of Reduced Oxygen at High Altitude | |
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| Effect of Exercise on Energy Requirements | |
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| Effect of Exercise on Energy Required in the Absence of Exercise | |
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| Energy Required for Exercise: Dynamic Exercise (Short Runs) Versus Steady-State Exercise (Long Runs) | |
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| Maximal Oxygen Consumption | |
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| Intensity of Exercise | |
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| Field Metabolic Rate | |
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| Nutrient Requirements | |
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| How May Nutrient Requirements Change with Exercise or in the Cold? | |
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| Sources of Energy: Fat Versus Carbohydrate | |
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| Protein and Exercise | |
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| Studies That Have Altered Both Fat and Protein in the Diet of Exercising Dogs | |
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| Dietary Carbohydrate and Exercise | |
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| Importance of Water and Water Requirements at High Ambient Temperatures | |
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| Exercised-Induced Hyperthermia and the Importance of Water During Exercise | |
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| Water Requirements at Rest and During Exercise | |
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| Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride | |
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| Fluids Containing Electrolytes | |
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| Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium | |
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| Trace Minerals | |
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| Vitamins | |
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| Other Nutrients | |
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| References | |
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| Diet Formulation and Feed Processing | |
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| Petfood Processing | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Dogs | |
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| Cats | |
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| Petfood Categories | |
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| Dry Petfoods | |
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| Semi-moist Petfoods | |
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| Soft-Expanded (Soft Dry) Petfoods | |
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| Baked Petfoods | |
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| Starch-Lipid Complexes | |
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| Snacks for Pets | |
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| Canned (Wet) Petfoods | |
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| Homemade Diets | |
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| Diet Formulation | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nutrient Composition of Ingredients Used in Dog and Cat Foods | |
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| References | |
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| Other Food Constituents | |
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| Constituents Intended for Nutritive Value | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chondroprotective Agents | |
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| Antioxidants | |
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| Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) and Enzymes | |
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| Herbs and Botanicals | |
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| Other | |
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| Constituents Intended for Technical or Nonnutritive Effects on Food | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Preservatives | |
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| Flavors and Extracts | |
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| Colors | |
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| Other Additives | |
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| References | |
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| Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Nutrient Concentrations | |
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| Use of Nutrient Requirement Tables | |
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| Recommendations Relative to ME Compared with Requirements Relative to DM | |
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| Requirements Relative to ME in the Food Compared with Requirements Relative to BW | |
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| Note on Bioavailability | |
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| References | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Acronyms and Abbreviations | |
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| Index | |