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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Theory and History | |
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The Scope of Geoarchaeology | |
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Archaeology and the Earth Sciences | |
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Foundational Phase: Before 1900 | |
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Collaborative Phase: 1900-1950 | |
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Integrative Phase: After 1950 | |
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Changing the Guard | |
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Sediments, Soils, and Environmental Interpretations | |
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Sediments | |
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Weathering | |
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Transportation | |
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Postdepositional Changes | |
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Archaeological Implications | |
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Classification of Sedimentation Products | |
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Clastic Deposits | |
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Gravel | |
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Sand | |
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Mud | |
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Chemical Deposition | |
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Calcareous Precipitates | |
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Noncalcareous Precipitates | |
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Organic Matter | |
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Soils and Buried Soils | |
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The Soil Profile | |
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Soil Types | |
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Entisols | |
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Vertisols | |
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Inceptisols | |
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Mollisols | |
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Alfisols | |
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Ultisols | |
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Spodosols | |
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Aridosols | |
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Histosols | |
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Paleosols and Buried Soils | |
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Inferring Environments from Physical and Chemical Parameters | |
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Color | |
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Cementation and Induration | |
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Texture | |
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Structure | |
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Composition | |
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Boundaries | |
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Micromorphology | |
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Initial Context and Site Formation | |
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The Creation of the Archaeological Record | |
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Stages of Site Formation | |
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Initial Landscapes and Original Occupation | |
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Sedimentary Contexts | |
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Desert Depositional Systems | |
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The Effects of Wind | |
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The Effects of Moisture | |
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Desert System Site Formation | |
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Alluvial Depositional Systems: Flowing Water | |
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Depositional Contexts | |
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Site Formation in Alluvial Settings | |
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Lakes and Associated Basin Settings | |
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Basin Deposits | |
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Site Formation in Basin Settings | |
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Cave and Rock Shelter Depositional Systems | |
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Limestone Caves | |
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Sandstone Caves and Rock Shelters | |
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Igneous Rock Caves | |
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Site Formation in Caves | |
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The Glacial System | |
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Coastal and Marine Depositional Settings | |
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Coastal Processes and Site Formation | |
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Coastal Landscape Context | |
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Postdepositional Processes | |
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Mass Wasting | |
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Cryoturbation | |
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Bioturbation | |
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Methods of Discovery and Spatial Analyses | |
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Maps | |
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Landform Sediment Assemblages | |
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Settlement Patterns | |
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Remote Sensing | |
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Geophysical Prospecting | |
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Magnetometry and Magnetic Properties of Soils and Sediments | |
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Electrical Resistivity | |
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Electromagnetic Conductivity | |
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Ground Penetrating Radar | |
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Seismic Profiling | |
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Magnetic Analysis | |
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Aerial Photography | |
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Satellite and Airborne Remote Sensing | |
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Dowsing | |
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Geochemical Prospecting and Analysis | |
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Core Drilling | |
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Locating Water Resources | |
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Geographic Information Systems | |
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The Complexities of Scale | |
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Estimating Time | |
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Climate Change and Time | |
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Artifacts and Dating | |
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Stratigraphy | |
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Rhythmites (Varves) | |
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Paleosols in Loess and Alluvium | |
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Tephrochronology | |
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Dating Using Animal and Plant Fossils | |
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Paleontology | |
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Dendrochronology | |
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Radiometric Dating Methods | |
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Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating | |
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Uranium-Series Dating | |
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Radiocarbon Dating | |
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Other Dating Methods | |
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Fission-Track Dating | |
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Paleomagnetic and Archaeomagnetic Dating | |
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Electron Spin Resonance and Luminescence Dating | |
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Temperature-Affected Dating | |
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Amino Acid Racemization and Epimerization | |
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Hydration (Obsidian) | |
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Dating Techniques Based on Chemical Accumulation | |
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Chemical Analysis | |
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Dating Exposed Surfaces | |
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Patination and Desert Varnish | |
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Cosmogenic Nuclides | |
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Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions: Landscapes and the Human Past | |
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Environmental and Landscape Change | |
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Inferring Environmental Change | |
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Ecology and Landscape Change | |
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Terrestrial (Non-marine) Geoecologic Data from Lake Records | |
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Plant (Botanical) Indicators | |
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Microfossils | |
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Pollen | |
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Phytoliths | |
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Diatoms | |
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Macrofossils | |
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Animal Indicators | |
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Invertebrates | |
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Ostracods | |
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Mollusks | |
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Insects | |
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Vertebrates | |
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Mammal Fossil Remains | |
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Bird Fossil Remains | |
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Reptile and Amphibian Fossil Remains | |
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Fish Fossil Remains | |
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Other Ecologic Accumulations | |
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Pack-Rat Middens | |
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Peat | |
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Geochemical Indicators | |
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Environmental Change and Archaeological Explanations | |
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Human Habitats and Geoecology | |
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Tectonics, Climates, Landscapes, and the Human Past | |
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Microclimates | |
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Human Interaction with Environment and Its Effects on Climate | |
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Raw Materials and Resources | |
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Definitions | |
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Minerals | |
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Chert and Chalcedony | |
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Semiprecious Stones | |
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Other Archaeologically Important Minerals | |
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Metals and Ores | |
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Rocks | |
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Shells | |
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Clays | |
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Building Materials | |
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Building Stone | |
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Burnt Brick | |
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Mortar | |
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Other Materials | |
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Pigments | |
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Abrasives | |
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Rock and Mineral Recovery | |
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Water | |
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Sourcing (Provenance) | |
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Geologic Deposits | |
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Materials Used in Sourcing | |
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Obsidian | |
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Sourcing Other Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks | |
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Chert | |
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Marble | |
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Clay | |
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Temper | |
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Amber | |
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Bitumen | |
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Soft Stone, Other Rocks, and Semiprecious Minerals | |
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Native Copper | |
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Complex Copper Minerals | |
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Tin | |
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Lead, Silver, and Gold | |
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Sourcing Methods | |
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Trace-Element Analyses | |
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Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis | |
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X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry | |
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Isotope Analysis/Mass Spectrometry | |
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DNA | |
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Mineral Magnetism | |
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Other Analytical Methods | |
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Petrographic Analysis | |
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Statistics and Data Analysis | |
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Construction, Destruction, Archaeological Resource Preservation, and Conservation | |
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Geotechnology | |
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Construction | |
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Dams | |
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Canals | |
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Fields and Raised Fields | |
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Roads | |
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Excavation (Mines and Quarries) | |
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Natural Burial and Site Formation | |
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Rock Properties and Weathering | |
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Destruction | |
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Weathering | |
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Pollution | |
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Water | |
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Erosion and Subsidence in Archaeology | |
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Erosion | |
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Land Subsidence | |
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Geologic "Catastrophes" and the Human Past | |
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Earthquakes and Seismic Disturbance | |
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Floods and Flood Legends | |
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Volcanoes | |
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Site Preservation | |
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Site Preservation Problems | |
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Reservoirs | |
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Hilltops or Slopes | |
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Seismicity | |
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Site Stabilization | |
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Earth Burial | |
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Archaeological/Cultural Resource Management | |
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Resource Management | |
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Conservation | |
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Materials Preservation | |
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Corrosion | |
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Epilogue | |
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The Future | |
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The Future of Geoarchaeology within Archaeology | |
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Notes | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |