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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Chronology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sources and Methodology | |
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| History of Research | |
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| The Historical Development of the Synagogue | |
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| The Second Temple Period | |
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| Origins | |
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| State of Research | |
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| The City-Gate as Synagogue Forerunner | |
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| The Emergence of the Synagogue in the Second Temple Period | |
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| Between City-Gate and Synagogue | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Pre-70 Judaea | |
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| Galilee: Some Methodological Considerations / Nazareth / Capernaum / Tiberias / Gamla | |
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| Jerusalem | |
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| Judaean Desert: Masada / Herodium / Qumran | |
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| The Coastal and Shephelah Regions: Dor / Caesarea / Qiryat Sefer / Modi'in (Khirbet Umm El-'Umdan) | |
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| Other Proposed Sites | |
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| The Judaean Synagogue in Perspective | |
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| The Pre-70 Diaspora | |
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| Egypt: Epigraphical and Papyrological Evidence / Philo / a Rabbinic Tradition | |
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| Berenice (Cyrene) | |
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| Italy: Ostia / Rome | |
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| Delos | |
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| Asia Minor and Greece: Josephus / New Testament / the Acmonia Inscription | |
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| The Kingdom of Bosphorus | |
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| Syria | |
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| The Diaspora Synagogue in Perspective | |
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| The Second Temple Synagogue-Its Role and Functions | |
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| The Synagogue as a Community Center | |
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| The Synagogue as a Religious Institution: Torah Reading / Reading from the Prophets (Haftarah) / Study and Instruction / Sermons / Targumim / Communal Prayer | |
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| The First-Century Synagogue in Historical Perspective | |
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| Late Antiquity | |
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| Late Roman Palestine (70-Fourth Century C.E.) | |
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| Sources and Methodology: Rabbinic Material-Abundance and Scarcity / Post-70 Synagogues: the Archaeological Evidence? / Synagogue Building in the Mid Third Century | |
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| Continuity and Change | |
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| Synagogues in Roman Palestine-Further Observations | |
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| Byzantine Palestine | |
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| Diversity within Commonality | |
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| Figural Art in Historical Perspective | |
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| Jewish Motifs in the Byzantine-Christian Context | |
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| The Synagogue's Enhanced Religious Dimension | |
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| The Impact of Christianity | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Diaspora Synagogues | |
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| Archaeological Sites: Dura Europos / Gerasa / Apamea / Sardis / Priene / Aegina / Plovdiv / Stobi / Ostia / Bova Marina / Naro (Hammam-Lif) / Elche | |
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| Synagogues of Rome | |
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| Babylonian Synagogues | |
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| The Centrality of the Diaspora Synagogue | |
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| Between Unity and Diversity | |
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| Religious Leadership | |
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| Synagogues in the Diaspora and Palestine-Similarities and Differences | |
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| Some Concluding Thoughts | |
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| The Synagogue as an Institution | |
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| The Building | |
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| Location | |
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| The Synagogue Complex | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Orientation | |
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| Atriums and Water Installations | |
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| Entrances | |
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| Benches and Columns | |
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| Partitions and Balconies | |
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| Bimot, Tables, and Platforms | |
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| Cathedra of Moses | |
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| The Torah Shrine | |
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| The Eternal Light and the Menorah | |
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| Art | |
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| Iconoclasm | |
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| A Rabbinic Source on the Synagogue Interior | |
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| Inscriptions | |
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| Liturgy and Architecture: The Worship Setting | |
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| The Communal Dimension | |
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| Community Control | |
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| Institutional Functions: Meeting Place / Court / Charity / Place of Study / Library / Place of Residence / Place for Individual Needs | |
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| Leadership | |
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| Archisynagogue | |
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| Other Officials: Archon / Pater Synagoges / Mater Synagoges / Presbyter (Elder) / Grammateus / Phrontistes / Hazzan / Teacher / Minor Officials | |
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| Synagogue Officials in Jewish Palestine and the Diaspora | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Patriarch (Nasi) and the Synagogue | |
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| Rabbinic Literature | |
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| Archaeological Evidence | |
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| Epiphanius | |
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| The Theodosian Code | |
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| Patriarchal Involvement in the Synagogue | |
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| The Sages and the Synagogue | |
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| Non-Rabbinic Sources | |
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| Rabbinic Sources: Dissonance Between the Sages and the Synagogue / Synagogue Versus Bet Midrash / the Sages and Figural Art | |
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| Rabbinic Involvement in the Synagogue | |
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| Rabbis and Liturgy | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Women in the Synagogue | |
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| Attendance | |
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| Seating | |
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| Liturgical Roles | |
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| Benefactors | |
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| Officials | |
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| Women in Synagogue Life: Historical Perspectives | |
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| Priests | |
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| Benefactors | |
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| Officials | |
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| Priests in Synagogue Ritual | |
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| Liturgy | |
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| Methodological Considerations | |
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| The Second Century: Torah Reading / the 'Amidah / the Shema' Liturgy / other Liturgical Developments / Rabbinic Liturgy and the Second-Century Synagogue / Early Christian and Rabbinic Liturgies | |
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| Late Antiquity: the Third Century / Differences Between Palestine and Babylonia / Prayer / Qedushah / Archaeological Evidence for Prayer / the Torah Reading and Its Accompanying Activities / Piyyut | |
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| Beyond Late Antiquity | |
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| Iconography: The Limits of Interpretation | |
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| Methodological Considerations | |
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| Comparisons with Christian Art | |
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| The Use and Abuse of Literary Sources | |
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| Limitations in the Interpretation of Jewish Art: Menorah / Helios and the Zodiac Signs / Programmatic Explanations | |
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| Concluding Perspectives | |
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| Diachronic and Synchronic Dimensions-The Synagogue in Context | |
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| Architectural Evidence | |
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| Art | |
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| Communal Center | |
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| Inscriptions | |
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| Liturgy | |
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| Sanctity | |
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| Degrees of Hellenization | |
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| Unique Jewish Components | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Glossary | |
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| List of Abbreviations | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Illustration Credits | |
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| Source Index | |
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| Subject Index | |