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| Abbreviations | |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| A Note on Currency | |
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| A Note on Orthography | |
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| Introduction: Family, Frontier, and the Colonization of the Americas | |
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| Indians, Portuguese, and Mamelucos: The Sixteenth-Century Colonization of Sao Vicente | |
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| Town, Kingdom, and Wilderness | |
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| The Origins of Social Class | |
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| Families of Planters | |
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| Families of Peasants | |
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| Families of Slaves | |
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| Conclusion: Family and Frontier at Independence | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |
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| Maps | |
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| Town of Santana de Parnaiba | |
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| Sao Vicente in the Age of the Bandeiras | |
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| Sao Paulo and the Gold Rush | |
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| Towns of Colonial Sao Paulo | |
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| Tables | |
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| Population of Principal Towns of Sao Vicente, 1676 | |
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| Deaths among Social Groups, Parish of Aracariguama, 1720-1731 | |
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| Two Agricultural Economies: Income from Crops by Class of Farmer, 1798 | |
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| Landownership by Class of Farmer, 1775 | |
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| The Town Center in 1798 | |
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| Race and Class in Parnaiba, 1820 | |
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| Division of Mariana Pais's Estate, 1740 | |
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| Composition of Planter Family Estates, Eighteenth Century | |
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| Settlement Patterns of the Descendants of the Original Founders of Parnaiba | |
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| Settlement Patterns of the Descendants of Mariana Pais, Great-Great-Granddaughter of the Original Founders of Parnaiba | |
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| The Planters of Parnaiba | |
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| Land Use Patterns of the Peasantry, 1775 | |
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| Godparents of Peasant Children | |
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| Households Headed by Men and Women, Peasant Population, 1820 | |
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| Urban and Rural Family Structure, Peasant Population, 1820 | |
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| Female-headed Households, Peasant Population, 1775 and 1820 | |
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| African and Creole Slaves, 1820 | |
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| Crude Marriage Rates, Slave and Free Populations | |
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| Slave Marriages, Santana Parish, 1726-1820 | |
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| Slave Families on Three Large Estates, 1740s | |
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| Godfathers of Slave Children | |
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| Crimes for Which Slaves Went to Jail | |
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| Victims of Slave Violent Crimes | |
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| Figures | |
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| Division of Community Property at the Death of a Married Man with Three Children | |
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| Division of Community Property at the Death of a Married Man with One Favored Heir | |
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| Nuclear Families as a Percent of All Peasant Households Across the Family Cycle, 1775 | |
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| Peasant Agricultural Production by Household Type, 1775 | |
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| Agricultural Production of Peasant Nuclear Families Across the Family Cycle, 1775 | |
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| Slaves of Rev. Francisco Lopes Sa, 1798 | |
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| Slave Families of Rev. Francisco Lopes Sa | |
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| Population Pyramid of the Slave Population, 1820 | |
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| Single, Married, and Widowned Slaves by Age, 1820 | |
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| Gutman's Model of the Slave Family Cycle | |
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| Plates | |
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| Seventeenth-century Chapel of Our Lady of Conception, Vuturuna Estate, Santana de Parnaiba | |
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| Seventeeth-century wattle-and-daub church from Areias, Sao Paulo. Watercolor by Thomas Ender, early nineteenth century | |
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| Indians captured from the sertao. Lithography by Jean Baptiste Debret, early nineteenth century. | |
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| Making war on tribal Indians. Debret, early nineteenth century | |
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| Guarani Indian women on their way to mass. Debret, early nineteenth century | |
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| Sparse interior of a wealthy family home, city of Sao Paulo, Ender, early nineteenth century | |
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| Eighteenth-century taipa de pilao houses of Santana de Parnaiba | |