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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Maps | |
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| The Links Between Social and Linguistic Change | |
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| The research themes studied in this book | |
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| Levelling | |
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| Structure of the book | |
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| Standardisation and Language Change in France, Belgium and Switzerland | |
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| Linguistic and social levelling | |
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| The sociolinguistic situations of western Europe | |
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| The dominance of a hypercephalic capital | |
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| Describing the centre | |
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| Language and nation | |
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| Belgium | |
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| Switzerland | |
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| The francophone area in a western European perspective | |
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| Shift and maintenance of minority autochtonous varieties | |
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| The post-industrial and post-diaglossic era | |
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| Historical situations and social changes in the second half of the 20th century | |
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| Social Levelling: Substantive Transformations, Changing Social Practices and Symbolic Representations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The emergence of the post-industrial economy | |
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| Changes in occupational structure | |
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| Urbanisation | |
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| Changing gender roles | |
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| Migration | |
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| Internationalisation | |
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| Media and popular culture | |
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| (i)Symbolic changes and the late 20th-century zeitgeist: evolving social and national identities | |
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| (ii)Symbolic changes and the late 20th-century zeitgeist: evolving social practices and representations in the everyday | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| Accents and Levelling in France, Belgium and Switzerland | |
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| Linguistic levelling in the light of social levelling | |
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| The reference pronunciation of France and the ideology of the Standard | |
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| Attempting to define Reference Franch | |
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| Stylistic variation: omission or insertion phenomena? | |
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| Variation in the liquid consonants /1/ and /r/ | |
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| Variable liaison | |
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| Mute-e | |
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| The education system and the acquisition of Standard French in France | |
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| Is there a southern (Proven�al) regional standard? | |
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| The emergence of alternative prestigious pronunciations in Francophonie Nord: the example of Quebec | |
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| Prestigious pronunciations in Belgium | |
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| Prestigious pronunciations in Suisse romande | |
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| The Levelling of Regional Varieties in France | |
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| The problematic nature of identifying regional accents in France | |
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| The relation between regional, social and stylistic variation | |
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| Regional variation in middle-class O�l usage in the early to mid-20th century | |
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| Marked regional varieties in the early to mid-20th century | |
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| Vernacular Parisian as a regional variety | |
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| Lille and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais | |
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| Brittany and Normandy | |
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| Eastern regions of France | |
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| The northern Oc region and southward spread of supralocal French | |
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| Overview of non-southern French | |
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| Southern France (i) the traditional situation | |
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| Southern France (ii) the results of more recent studies | |
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| Summary of the situation in southern France | |
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| Regional Vernacular Varieties and Language Levelling in Belgium and Switzerland | |
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| Overview | |
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| Brussels vernacular | |
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| Regional varieties in Wallonia-substrate and perceptions | |
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| Descriptions in the 1970s and 1980s | |
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| Variationist studies | |
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| The Borinage (Thiam, 1995) | |
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| Mons (Moreau and Bauvois, 1998; Bauvois, 2001, 2002a, 2002b) | |
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| Brussels, Gembloux, Li�ge and Tournai (Hambye, 2005) | |
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| The findings of perceptual studies and summary of the Belgian situation | |
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| The Francoprovencal substrate in Suisse romande | |
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| Regional varieties (Geneva, Neuch�tel, Valais) | |
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| The Vaud: behaviour and perceptions | |
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| More recent perceptions of marked varieties in the Vaud (Singy, 1996) | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Social Factors: Bringing Together Class, Gender, Migration, Ideology and Language | |
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| Overview of the chapter | |
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| Social class | |
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| Gender | |
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| Historical perspectives on the sociolinguistic consequences of migration | |
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| Urban youth vernaculars | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |