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| List of Illustrations | |
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| Preface | |
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| Science Before the Greeks | |
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| What Is Science? | |
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| Prehistoric Attitudes toward Nature | |
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| The Beginnings of Science in Egypt and Mesopotamia | |
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| The Greeks and the Cosmos | |
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| The World of Homer and Hesiod | |
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| The First Greek Philosophers | |
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| The Milesians and the Question of Underlying Reality | |
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| The Question of Change | |
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| The Problem of Knowledge | |
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| Plato's World of Forms | |
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| Plato's Cosmology | |
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| The Achievement of Early Greek Philosophy | |
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| Aristotle's Philosophy of Nature | |
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| Life and Works | |
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| Metaphysics and Epistemology | |
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| Nature and Change | |
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| Cosmology | |
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| Motion, Terrestrial and Celestial | |
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| Aristotle as a Biologist | |
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| Aristotle's Achievement | |
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| Hellenistic Natural Philosophy | |
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| Schools and Education | |
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| The Lyceum after Aristotle | |
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| Epicureans and Stoics | |
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| The Mathematical Sciences in Antiquity | |
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| The Application of Mathematics to Nature | |
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| Greek Mathematics | |
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| Early Greek Astronomy | |
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| Cosmological Developments | |
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| Hellenistic Planetary Astronomy | |
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| The Science of Optics | |
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| The Science of Weights | |
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| Greek and Roman Medicine | |
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| Early Greek Medicine | |
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| Hippocratic Medicine | |
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| Hellenistic Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| Hellenistic Medical Sects | |
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| Galen and the Culmination of Hellenistic Medicine | |
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| Roman and Early Medieval Science | |
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| Greeks and Romans | |
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| Popularizers and Encyclopedists | |
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| Translations | |
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| The Role of Christianity | |
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| Roman and Early Medieval Education | |
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| Two Early Medieval Natural Philosophers | |
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| Learning and Science in the Greek East | |
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| Islamic Science | |
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| Eastward Diffusion of Greek Science | |
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| The Birth, Expansion, and Hellenization of Islam | |
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| Translation of Greek Science into Arabic | |
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| Islamic Reception and Appropriation of Greek Science | |
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| The Islamic Scientific Achievement | |
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| The Fate of Islamic Science | |
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| The Revival of Learning in the West | |
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| The Middle Ages | |
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| Carolingian Reforms | |
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| The Schools of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries | |
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| Natural Philosophy in the Twelfth-Century Schools | |
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| The Translation Movement | |
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| The Rise of Universities | |
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| The Recovery and Assimilation of Greek and Islamic Science | |
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| The New Learning | |
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| Aristotle in the University Curriculum | |
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| Points of Conflict | |
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| Resolution: Science as Handmaiden | |
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| Radical Aristotelianism and the Condemnations of 1270 and 1277 | |
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| The Relations of Philosophy and Theology After 1277 | |
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| The Medieval Cosmos | |
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| The Structure of the Cosmos | |
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| Mathematical Astronomy | |
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| Astrology | |
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| The Surface of the Earth | |
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| The Physics of the Sublunar Region | |
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| Matter, Form, and Substance | |
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| Combination and Mixture | |
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| Alchemy | |
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| Change and Motion | |
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| The Nature of Motion | |
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| Mathematical Description of Motion | |
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| The Dynamics of Local Motion | |
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| Quantification of Dynamics | |
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| The Science of Optics | |
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| Medieval Medicine and Natural History | |
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| The Medical Tradition of the Early Middle Ages | |
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| The Transformation of Western Medicine | |
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| Medical Practitioners | |
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| Medicine in the Universities | |
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| Disease, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy | |
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| Anatomy and Surgery | |
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| Development of the Hospital | |
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| Natural History | |
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| The Legacy of Ancient and Medieval Science | |
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| The Continuity Question | |
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| Candidates for Revolutionary Status | |
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| The Scientific Revolution | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |