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| Preface | |
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| A Note for Those Teaching with the Book | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Setting Out | |
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| The Scope of the Theory | |
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| What Kind of Theory? | |
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| Three Answers, or Pieces of an Answer | |
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| Historical Interlude: A Sketch of the Scientific Revolution Further Reading | |
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| Logic Plus Empiricism | |
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| The Empiricist Tradition | |
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| The Vienna Circle | |
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| Central Ideas of Logical Positivism | |
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| Problems and Changes | |
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| Logical Empiricism | |
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| On the Fall of Logical Empiricism Further Reading | |
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| Induction and Confirmation | |
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| The Mother of All Problems | |
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| Induction, Deduction, Confirmation, and Explanatory Inference | |
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| The Ravens Problem | |
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| Goodman's "New Riddle of Induction" Further Reading | |
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| Popper: Conjecture and Refutation | |
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| Popper's Unique Place in the Philosophy of Science | |
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| Popper's Theory of Science | |
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| Popper on Scientific Change | |
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| Objections to Popper on Falsification | |
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| Objections to Popper on Confirmation | |
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| Further Comments on the Demarcation Problem Further Reading | |
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| Kuhn and Normal Science | |
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| "The Paradigm Has Shifted" | |
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| Paradigms: A Closer Look | |
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| Normal Science | |
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| Anomaly and Crisis | |
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| Wrap-up of Normal Science Further Reading | |
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| Kuhn and Revolutions | |
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| Considerable Upset | |
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| Revolutions and Their Aftermath | |
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| Incommensurability, Relativism, and Progress | |
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| The X-Rated "Chapter X" | |
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| Final Thoughts on Kuhn Further Reading | |
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| Lakatos, Laudan, Feyerabend, and Frameworks | |
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| AfterStructure | |
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| Lakatos and Research Programs | |
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| Laudan and Research Traditions | |
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| Anything Goes | |
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| An Argument from History That Haunts Philosophy | |
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| Pluralism and the Ramblings of Madmen | |
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| Taking Stock: Frameworks and Two-Process Theories of Science Further Reading | |
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| The Challenge from Sociology of Science | |
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| Beyond Philosophy? | |
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| Robert Merton and the "Old" Sociology of Science | |
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| The Rise of the Strong Program | |
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| Leviathan and Latour Further Reading | |
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| Feminism and Science Studies | |
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| "Science Is Political" | |
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| The Man of Reason | |
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| The Case of Primatology | |
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| Feminist Epistemology | |
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| Science Studies, the Science Wars, and the Sokal Hoax Further Reading | |
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| Naturalistic Philosophy in Theory and Practice | |
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| What Is Naturalism? | |
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| Quine, Dewey, and Others | |
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| The Theory-Ladenness of Observation Further Reading | |
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| Naturalism and the Social Structure of Science | |
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| Science as a Process | |
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| Kitcher and the Division of Scientific Labor | |
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| Social Structure and Empiricism Further Reading | |
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| Scientific Realism | |
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| Strange Debates | |
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| Approaching Scientific Realism | |
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| A Statement of Scientific Realism | |
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| Challenges from Traditional Empiricism | |
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| Metaphysical Constructivism | |
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| Van Fraassen's View | |
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| Representation, Models, and Truth (Optional Section) Further Reading | |
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| Explanation | |
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| Knowing Why | |
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| The Rise and Fall of the Covering Law Theory of Explanation | |
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| Causation, Unification, and More | |
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| Laws and Causes (Optional Section) Further Reading | |
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| Bayesianism and Modern Theories of Evidence | |
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| New Hope | |
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| Understanding Evidence with Probability | |
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| The Subjectivist Interpretation of Probability | |
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| Assessing Bayesianism | |
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| Scientific Realism and Theories of Evidence | |
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| Procedural Naturalism (Optional Section) Further Reading | |
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| Empiricism, Naturalism, and Scientific Realism? | |
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| A Muddy Paste? | |
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| The Apparent Tensions | |
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| Empiricism Reformed | |
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| A Last Challenge | |
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| The Future | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |