| |
| |
In this Section: | |
| |
| |
| |
Brief Table of Contents | |
| |
| |
| |
Full Table of Contents | |
| |
| |
| |
Brief Table of Contents | |
| |
| |
| |
Africa ca. 6000 BCE-ca. 1600 CE | |
| |
| |
| |
Middle Passage ca. 1450-1809 | |
| |
| |
| |
Black People in Colonial North America 1526-1763 | |
| |
| |
| |
Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence 1763-1783 | |
| |
| |
| |
African Americans in the New Nation 1783-1820 | |
| |
| |
| |
Life in the Cotton Kingdom 1793-1861 | |
| |
| |
| |
Free Black People in Antebellum America | |
| |
| |
| |
Opposition to Slavery 1780-1833 | |
| |
| |
| |
Let Your Motto Be Resistance 1833-1850 | |
| |
| |
| |
"And Black People Were at the Heart of It" 1846-1861 | |
| |
| |
| |
Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War 1861-1865 | |
| |
| |
| |
The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction 1865-1868 | |
| |
| |
| |
The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction 1868-1877 | |
| |
| |
| |
White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the Late Nineteenth Century 1877-1895 | |
| |
| |
| |
African Americans Challenge White Supremacy 1877-1918 | |
| |
| |
| |
Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century 1895-1928 | |
| |
| |
| |
African Americans and the 1920s 1918-1929 | |
| |
| |
| |
Black Protest, the Great Depression, and the New Deal 1929-1940 | |
| |
| |
| |
Meanings of Freedom 1930-1950 | |
| |
| |
| |
The World War II Era and the Seeds of a Revolution 1936-1948 | |
| |
| |
| |
The Long Freedom Movement 1950-1965 | |
| |
| |
| |
Black Nationalism, Black Power, Black Arts 1965-1980 | |
| |
| |
| |
African Americans in the 21<sup>st</sup> Century 1980-2010 | |
| |
| |
| |
Black Politics from 1980 to the Present: The President Obama Era | |
| |
| |
| |
Full Table of Contents | |
| |
| |
| |
Africa ca. 6000 BCE -ca. 1600 CE | |
| |
| |
A Huge and Diverse Land | |
| |
| |
The Birthplace of Humanity | |
| |
| |
Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments | |
| |
| |
West Africa | |
| |
| |
Kongo and Angola | |
| |
| |
West African Society and Culture | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Middle Passage ca. 1450-1809 | |
| |
| |
The European Age of Exploration and Colonization | |
| |
| |
The Slave Trade in Africa | |
| |
| |
The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade | |
| |
| |
Growth Of the Atlantic Slave Trade | |
| |
| |
The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination | |
| |
| |
African Women on Slave Ships | |
| |
| |
Seasoning | |
| |
| |
The End Of the Journey: Masters and Slaves in the Americas | |
| |
| |
The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Black People in Colonial North America 1526-1763 | |
| |
| |
The Peoples of North America | |
| |
| |
Black Servitude in the Chesapeake | |
| |
| |
Plantation Slavery, 1700-1750 | |
| |
| |
Slave Life in Early America | |
| |
| |
Miscegenation and Creolization | |
| |
| |
The Origins of African-American Culture | |
| |
| |
Slavery in the Northern Colonies | |
| |
| |
Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana | |
| |
| |
African Americans in New Spain's Northern Borderlands | |
| |
| |
Black Women in Colonial America | |
| |
| |
Black Resistance and Rebellion | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence 1763-1783 | |
| |
| |
The Crisis of the British Empire | |
| |
| |
The Declaration of Independence and African Americans | |
| |
| |
The Black Enlightenment | |
| |
| |
African Americans in the War for Independence | |
| |
| |
The Revolution and Emancipation | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
African Americans in the New Nation 1783-1820 | |
| |
| |
Forces for Freedom | |
| |
| |
Forces for Slavery | |
| |
| |
The Emergence of Free Black Communities | |
| |
| |
Black Leaders and Choices | |
| |
| |
The War of 1812 | |
| |
| |
The Missouri Compromise | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Life in the Cotton Kingdom 1793-1861 | |
| |
| |
The Expansion of Slavery | |
| |
| |
Slave Labor in Agriculture | |
| |
| |
House Servants and Skilled Slaves | |
| |
| |
Urban and Industrial Slavery | |
| |
| |
Punishment | |
| |
| |
The Domestic Slave Trade | |
| |
| |
Slave Families | |
| |
| |
The Socialization of Slaves | |
| |
| |
Religion | |
| |
| |
The Character of Slavery and Slaves | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Free Black People in Antebellum America | |
| |
| |
Demographics of Freedom | |
| |
| |
The Jacksonian Era | |
| |
| |
Limited Freedom in the North | |
| |
| |
Black Communities in the Urban North | |
| |
| |
African-American Institutions | |
| |
| |
Free African Americans in the Upper South | |
| |
| |
Free African Americans in the Deep South | |
| |
| |
Free African Americans in the Far West | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Opposition to Slavery 1780-1833 | |
| |
| |
Antislavery Begins in America | |
| |
| |
The Path toward a More Radical Antislavery Movement | |
| |
| |
Black Abolitionist Women | |
| |
| |
The Baltimore Alliance | |
| |
| |
David Walker and Nat Turner | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Let Your Motto Be Resistance 1833-1850 | |
| |
| |
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence | |
| |
| |
The Antislavery Movement | |
| |
| |
Black Community Support | |
| |
| |
The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party | |
| |
| |
A More Aggressive Abolitionism | |
| |
| |
Black Militancy | |
| |
| |
Frederick Douglass | |
| |
| |
Revival of Black Nationalism | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
"And Black People Were at the Heart of It" 1846-1861 | |
| |
| |
The Lure of the West | |
| |
| |
Fugitive Slaves | |
| |
| |
The Rochester Convention, 1853 | |
| |
| |
Nativism and the Know-Nothings | |
| |
| |
The Kansas-Nebraska Act | |
| |
| |
Preston Brooks Attacks Charles Sumner | |
| |
| |
The Dred Scott Decision | |
| |
| |
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates | |
| |
| |
Abraham Lincoln and Black People | |
| |
| |
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry | |
| |
| |
The Election of Abraham Lincoln | |
| |
| |
Disunion | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War 1861-1865 | |
| |
| |
Lincoln's Aims | |
| |
| |
Black Men Volunteer and are Rejected | |
| |
| |
Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves | |
| |
| |
The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation | |
| |
| |
The Emancipation Proclamation | |
| |
| |
Black Men Fight for the Union | |
| |
| |
The Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers | |
| |
| |
Black Men in the Union Navy | |
| |
| |
Liberators, Spies, and Guides | |
| |
| |
Violent Opposition to Black People | |
| |
| |
Refugees | |
| |
| |
Black People and the Confederacy | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction 1865-1868 | |
| |
| |
The End Of Slavery | |
| |
| |
Land | |
| |
| |
The Freedmen's Bureau | |
| |
| |
The Black Church | |
| |
| |
Education | |
| |
| |
Violence | |
| |
| |
The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights | |
| |
| |
Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson | |
| |
| |
Black Codes | |
| |
| |
Black Conventions | |
| |
| |
The Radical Republicans | |
| |
| |
The Fourteenth Amendment | |
| |
| |
Radical Reconstruction | |
| |
| |
The Reaction of White Southerners | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction 1868-1877 | |
| |
| |
Constitutional Conventions | |
| |
| |
The Issues | |
| |
| |
Economic Issues | |
| |
| |
Black Politicians: An Evaluation | |
| |
| |
Republican Factionalism | |
| |
| |
Opposition | |
| |
| |
The Ku Klux Klan | |
| |
| |
The West | |
| |
| |
The Fifteenth Amendment | |
| |
| |
The Enforcement Acts | |
| |
| |
The North and Reconstruction | |
| |
| |
The Freedmen's Bank | |
| |
| |
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 | |
| |
| |
The End of Reconstruction | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the Late Nineteenth Century 1877-1895 | |
| |
| |
Politics | |
| |
| |
Disfranchisement | |
| |
| |
Segregation | |
| |
| |
Racial Etiquette | |
| |
| |
Violence | |
| |
| |
Migration | |
| |
| |
Black Farm Families | |
| |
| |
African Americans and Southern Courts | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
African Americans Challenge White Supremacy 1877-1918 | |
| |
| |
Social Darwinism | |
| |
| |
Education and Schools | |
| |
| |
Church and Religion | |
| |
| |
Red versus Black: The Buffalo Soldiers | |
| |
| |
Brownsville | |
| |
| |
African Americans in the Navy | |
| |
| |
The Black Cowgirls | |
| |
| |
The Spanish-American War | |
| |
| |
The Philippine Insurrection | |
| |
| |
African Americans and the World's Columbian Exposition | |
| |
| |
Black Businesspeople and Entrepreneurs | |
| |
| |
African Americans and Labor | |
| |
| |
Black Professionals | |
| |
| |
Music | |
| |
| |
Sports | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century 1895-1928 | |
| |
| |
Race and the Progressive Movement | |
| |
| |
Booker T. Washington's Approach | |
| |
| |
W. E. B. Du Bois | |
| |
| |
The Urban League | |
| |
| |
Black Women and the Club Movement | |
| |
| |
The Black Elite | |
| |
| |
African-American Inventors | |
| |
| |
Presidential Politics | |
| |
| |
Black Men and the Military in World War I | |
| |
| |
Race Riots | |
| |
| |
The Great Migration | |
| |
| |
Northern Communities | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
African Americans and the 1920s 1918-1929 | |
| |
| |
Strikes and the Red Scare | |
| |
| |
Varieties of Racism | |
| |
| |
Protest, Pride, And Pan-Africanism: Black Organizations in the 1920s | |
| |
| |
The NAACP | |
| |
| |
Labor | |
| |
| |
The Harlem Renaissance | |
| |
| |
Harlem and the Jazz Age | |
| |
| |
Sports | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Black Protest, the Great Depression, and the New Deal 1929-1940 | |
| |
| |
The Cataclysm, 1929-1933 | |
| |
| |
Black Protest During the Great Depression | |
| |
| |
The Rise of Black Social Scientists | |
| |
| |
Organized Labor and Black America | |
| |
| |
The Communist Party and African Americans | |
| |
| |
Misuses of Medical Science: The Tuskegee Study | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Meanings of Freedom 1930-1950 | |
| |
| |
Culture and Society in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s | |
| |
| |
Black Culture in a Midwestern City | |
| |
| |
The Black Culture Industry and American Racism | |
| |
| |
The Music Culture from Swing to Bebop | |
| |
| |
Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and Movies | |
| |
| |
The Black Chicago Renaissance | |
| |
| |
Black Visual Art | |
| |
| |
Black Literature | |
| |
| |
African Americans in Sports | |
| |
| |
Black Religious Culture | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The World War II Era and the Seeds of a Revolution 1936-1948 | |
| |
| |
On the Eve of War, 1936-1941 | |
| |
| |
Race and the U.S. Armed Forces | |
| |
| |
Black People on the Home Front | |
| |
| |
The Transition to Peace | |
| |
| |
The Cold War and International Politics | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Long Freedom Movement 1950-1965 | |
| |
| |
The 1950s: Prosperity and Prejudice | |
| |
| |
The Road to Brown | |
| |
| |
Brown II | |
| |
| |
New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott | |
| |
| |
No Easy Road to Freedom: 1957-1960 | |
| |
| |
Black Youth Stand up by Sitting Down | |
| |
| |
A Sight to Be Seen: The Movement at High Tide | |
| |
| |
The Albany Movement | |
| |
| |
The Birmingham Confrontation | |
| |
| |
A Hard Victory | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Black Nationalism, Black Power, Black Arts 1965-1980 | |
| |
| |
The Rise of Black Nationalism | |
| |
| |
The Black Panther Party | |
| |
| |
The Inner-City Rebellions | |
| |
| |
Difficulties in Creating the Great Society | |
| |
| |
Johnson and the War in Vietnam | |
| |
| |
Johnson: Vietnam Destroys the Great Society | |
| |
| |
King: Searching for a New Strategy | |
| |
| |
The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness | |
| |
| |
The Black Student Movement | |
| |
| |
The Presidential Election of 1968 and Richard Nixon | |
| |
| |
The Rise of Black Elected Officials | |
| |
| |
Economic Downturn | |
| |
| |
Black Americans and the Carter Presidency | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
African Americans in the 21<sup>st</sup> Century 1980-2010 | |
| |
| |
Progress and Poverty: Income, Education, and Health | |
| |
| |
The Persistence of Black Poverty | |
| |
| |
African Americans at the Center of Art and Culture | |
| |
| |
Black Religion at the Dawn of the Millennium | |
| |
| |
Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam | |
| |
| |
Complicating Black Identity in the Twenty-First Century | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Black Politics from 1980 to the Present: The President Obama Era | |
| |
| |
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition | |
| |
| |
Second Phase of Black Politics | |
| |
| |
Ronald Reagan and The Conservative Reaction | |
| |
| |
Black Political Activism in the End of the Twentieth Century | |
| |
| |
The Rise in Black Incarceration | |
| |
| |
Policing the Black Community | |
| |
| |
Black Politics, 1992-2001: The Clinton Presidency | |
| |
| |
Black Politics and the Contested 2000 Election | |
| |
| |
Republican Triumph | |
| |
| |
Black Politics in the Bush Era | |
| |
| |
Black Politics in The Present Era: Barack Obama, President of the United States | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |