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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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The Origins of the Study of Learning | |
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Philosophy of Epistemology | |
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Evolution | |
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Contemporary Influences | |
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The Definition of Learning | |
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Some Caveats | |
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The Learning/Performance Distinction | |
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Learning: A Recapitulation | |
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The Relationship between the Terms Learning and Memory | |
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Basic and Applied Research | |
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Common Sense and Common Knowledge | |
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Why Animals? | |
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Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Learning | |
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The Behavioral Approach | |
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The Cognitive Approach | |
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The Neuropsychological Approach | |
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Summary | |
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Habituation and Other Forms of Simple Stimulus Learning | |
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The Orienting Response | |
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Habituation | |
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Methods of Studying Habituation | |
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Parametric Features of Habituation | |
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Explanations of Habituation | |
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Nonlearning Explanations | |
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Physiological Theories | |
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Cognitive Theories | |
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Perceptual Learning | |
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Other Effects of Stimulus Exposure | |
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Preference for Familiar Stimuli | |
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Priming Facilitation | |
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Recapitulation: The Effects of Repeated Stimulus Presentation | |
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Applications | |
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Habituation to Warning Signals | |
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Exposure Therapy for Fears | |
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Summary | |
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Classical Conditioning | |
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The Definition of Classical Conditioning | |
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Methods of Studying Classical Conditioning | |
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Some Representative Procedures | |
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What Stimuli Can Serve as CSs? | |
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What Stimuli Can Serve as USs? | |
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Basic Phenomena of Conditioning | |
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Acquisition | |
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Extinction | |
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Generalization | |
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Discrimination | |
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The Role of Contiguity | |
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Other Factors Affecting Conditioning | |
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Prior Exposure | |
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Compound CSs | |
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Surprise | |
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CS-US Relevance | |
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Conditioned Inhibition | |
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What Is Learned in Classical Conditioning? | |
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So, What Is Learned in Pavlovian Conditioning? | |
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The Role of Awareness in Conditioning | |
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Extensions of Conditioning | |
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Conditioning with Drug USs and the Development of Tolerance | |
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Modification of Immune System Response | |
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Applications of Conditioning | |
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The Conditioning Theory of Phobias | |
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Systematic Desensitization | |
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Summary | |
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Instrumental Conditioning: Reward | |
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Definition and History | |
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Thorndike and Trial-and-Error Learning | |
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Skinner and Operant Learning | |
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Methods of Study | |
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Positive Reinforcement | |
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Reinforcement Variables Affecting Acquisition | |
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Amount and Quality of Reinforcement | |
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Drive | |
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Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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Delay of Reinforcement | |
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Secondary Reinforcement | |
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Social Reinforcement | |
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Theories of Reinforcement | |
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Reinforcers as Stimuli | |
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Reinforcers as Behaviors | |
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Reinforcers as Strengtheners | |
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Reinforcers as Information | |
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So, What Is Reinforcement? | |
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Is Reinforcement Necessary for Learning? | |
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Conscious Awareness in Human Instrumental Learning | |
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Criticisms of the Use of Reinforcement | |
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Response Learning | |
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Shaping | |
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Limitations of Response Learning | |
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Discriminative Stimulus Control | |
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Generalization and Discrimination | |
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Summary of Response Learning and Stimulus Learning | |
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What Is Learned in Instrumental Conditioning? | |
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Response-Reinforcer Learning | |
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Stimulus-Response Learning | |
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Stimulus-Reinforcer Learning | |
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What Is Learned? | |
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Stimulus-Response-Reinforcer | |
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Applications | |
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Habit Slips | |
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Behavior Modification | |
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Cognition in Animals | |
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Summary | |
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Instrumental Conditioning: Nonreward, Punishment, and Avoidance | |
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Defining the Contingencies: Nonreward, Punishment, and Avoidance | |
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Nonreward | |
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Extinction | |
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The Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect | |
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Punishment | |
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When Does Punishment Work? | |
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Unwanted Side Effects of Punishment | |