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| Curiosity, Creativity, and Commitment | |
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| Science | |
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| Science Is a Way of Thinking | |
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| Asking Questions | |
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| Science and Art | |
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| Acquiring Knowledge | |
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| Tenacity | |
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| Intuition | |
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| Authority | |
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| Rationalism | |
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| Empiricism | |
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| Science | |
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| Emergence of Science | |
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| Early Civilization | |
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| Greek Science | |
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| Medieval Science | |
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| The Scientific Revolution | |
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| Psychology | |
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| The History of Psychology | |
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| Women and Minorities in Psychology | |
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| Modern Psychology | |
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| The Science of Psychology | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Using the Resources of this Text | |
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| Exploring the Student Resource Website | |
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| Using SPSS for Windows | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Research is a Process of Inquiry | |
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| The Scientific Process | |
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| Basic Assumptions of Science | |
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| Observation and Inference: Facts and Constructs | |
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| Inductive and Deductive Thinking | |
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| Models and Theories in Science | |
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| A Model of the Research Process | |
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| Phases of Research | |
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| Levels of Constraint | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| The Starting Point: Asking Questions | |
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| Asking and Refining Questions | |
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| Pursuing Your Personal Interests | |
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| Following Up on the Work of Others | |
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| Applied and Basic Research | |
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| Refining Questions for Research | |
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| Types of Variables in Research | |
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| Classifying Variables Based on Their Nature | |
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| Classifying Variables Based on Their Use in Research | |
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| Validity and the Control of Extraneous Variables | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Ethical Principles for Human Research | |
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| Ethical Principles for Animal Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Data and the Nature of Measurement | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Scales of Measurement | |
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| Nominal Scales | |
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| Ordinal Scales | |
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| Interval Scales | |
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| Ratio Scales | |
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| Measuring and Manipulating Variables | |
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| Measurement Error | |
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| Operational Definitions | |
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| Evaluating Measures | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Effective Range | |
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| Validity | |
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| The Need for Objective Measurement | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Statistical Analysis of Data | |
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| Individual Differences | |
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| Organizing Data | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Graphical Representation of Data | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| Measures of Relationship | |
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| Standard Scores | |
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| Statistical Inference | |
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| Populations and Samples | |
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| The Null Hypothesis | |
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| Statistical Decisions and Alpha Levels | |
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| Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Inferential Statistics | |
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| Testing for Mean Differences | |
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| The Power of a Statistical Test | |
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| Effect Size | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Field Research: Naturalistic and Case-Study Research | |
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| The Challenge of Low-Constraint Research | |
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| Examples of Naturalistic Observation | |
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| Examples of Case-Study Research | |
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| The Value of Low-Constraint Methods | |
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| Conditions for Using Low-Constraint Research | |
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| Information Gained from Low-Constraint Research | |
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| Using Low-Constraint Methods | |
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| Problem Statements and Research Hypotheses | |
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| Making Observations | |
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| Sampling of Participants | |
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| Sampling of Situations | |
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| Sampling of Behaviors | |
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| Evaluating and Interpreting Data | |
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| Limitations of Low-Constraint Methods | |
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| Poor Representativeness | |
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| Poor Replicability | |
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| Causal Inference and Low-Constraint Research | |
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| Limitations of the Observer | |
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| Going Beyond the Data | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Correlational and Differential Methods of Research | |
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| Correlational Research Methods | |
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| Differential Research Methods | |
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| Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Research | |
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| Artifacts and Confounding | |
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| Understanding Correlational and Differential Methods | |
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| Comparing These Methods | |
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| When to Use These Methods | |
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| Conducting Correlational Research | |
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| Problem Statements | |
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| Secondary Analyses | |
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| Measuring the Variables | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Analyzing the Data | |
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| Interpreting the Correlation | |
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| Conducting Differential Research | |
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| Problem Statements | |
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| Measuring the Variables | |
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| Selecting Appropriate Control Groups | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Analyzing the Data | |
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| Interpreting the Data | |
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| Limitations of Correlational and Differential Research | |
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| Problems in Determining Causation | |
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| Confounding Variables | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Hypothesis Testing, Validity, and Threats to Validity | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Starting Research with an Initial Idea | |
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| Statement of the Problem | |
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| Operational Definitions | |
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| Research Hypothesis | |
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| The Contribution of Theory to the Research Hypothesis | |
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| Testing the Research Hypothesis | |
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| Validity and Threats to Validity | |
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| Statistical Validity | |
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| Construct Validity | |
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| External Validity | |
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| Internal Validity | |
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| Major Confounding Variables | |
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| Maturation | |
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| History | |
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| Testing | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Regression to the Mean | |
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| Selection | |
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| Attrition | |
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| Diffusion of Treatment | |
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| Sequence Effects | |
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| Examples of Confounding | |
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| Subject and Experimenter Effects | |
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| Subject Effects | |
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| Experimenter Effects | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Controls to Reduce Threats to Validity | |
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| General Control Procedures | |
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| Preparation of the Setting | |
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| Response Measurement | |
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| Replication | |
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| Control over Subject and Experimenter Effects | |
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| Single- and Double-Blind Procedures | |
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| Automation | |
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| Using Objective Measures | |
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| Multiple Observers | |
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| Using Deception | |
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| Control through Participant Selection and Assignment | |
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| Participant Selection | |
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| Participant Assignment | |
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| Advantages of Random Assignment | |
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| Control through Experimental Design | |
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| Ethical principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Single-Variable, Independent-Groups Designs | |
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| Variance | |
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| Sources of Variance | |
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| Controlling Variance in Research | |
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| Nonexperimental Approaches | |
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| Ex Post Facto Studies | |
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| Single-Group, Posttest-Only Studies | |
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| Single-Group, Pretest-Posttest Studies | |
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| Pretest-Posttest, Natural Control-Group Studies | |
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| Experimental Designs | |
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| Randomized, Posttest-Only, Control-Group Design | |
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| Randomized, Pretest-Posttest, Control-Group Design | |
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| Multilevel, Completely Randomized, Between-Subjects Design | |
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| Pretest-Manipulation Interaction: A Potential Problem | |
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| Analyses of Variance | |
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| Specific Means Comparisons in ANOVA | |
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| Graphing the Data | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Correlated-Groups and Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Within-Subjects Designs | |
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| Using Within-Subjects Designs | |
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| Analyzing Within-Subjects Designs | |
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| Strengths and Weaknesses of Within-Subjects Designs | |
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| Matched-Subjects Designs | |
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| Using Matched-Subjects Designs | |
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| Analyzing Matched-Subjects Designs | |
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| Strengths and Weaknesses of Matched-Subjects Designs | |
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| Single-Subject Experimental Designs | |
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| ABA Reversal Design | |
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| Multiple-Baseline Design | |
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| Single-Subject, Randomized, Time-Series Design | |
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| Replication in Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Factorial Designs | |
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| Factorial Designs | |
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| Main Effects and Interactions | |
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| Possible Outcomes of Factorial Designs | |
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| An Example: Children's Dark-Fears Study | |
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| Analysis of Variance in Factorial Designs | |
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| Variations of Basic Factorial Design | |
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| Within-Subjects or Repeated-Measures Factorial | |
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| Mixed Designs | |
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| ANOVA: A Postscript | |
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| Analysis of Covariance | |
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| Multivariate Analysis of Variance | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| A Second Look at Field Research: Field Experiments, Program Evaluation, and Survey Research | |
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| Conducting Field Research | |
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| Reasons for Doing Field Research | |
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| Difficulties in Field Research | |
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| Flexibility in Research | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Nonequivalent Control-Group Designs | |
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| Interrupted Time-Series Designs | |
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| Program Evaluation Research | |
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| Practical Problems in Program Evaluation Research | |
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| Issues of Control | |
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| Typical Program Evaluation Designs | |
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| Program Evaluation Research: An Example | |
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| Surveys | |
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| Types of Surveys | |
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| Steps in Survey Research | |
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| Types of Survey Instruments | |
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| Developing the Survey Instrument | |
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| Sampling Participants | |
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| Survey Research Design | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It into Practice | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Final Note | |
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| Using the Student Resource Website | |
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| Resources Available | |
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| What to Do If You Have Problems | |
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| Getting Help | |
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| Appendix Summary | |
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| Writing a Research Report in APA Style | |
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| Structure of a Research Article | |
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| Writing the Research Report | |
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| Writing Style | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conducting Library Research | |
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| Using the Library | |
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| How Research Materials Are Organized | |
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| Finding the Relevant Research | |
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| Search Strategies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Selecting Statistical Procedures | |
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| Selecting Appropriate Statistical Procedures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Research Design Checklist | |
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| Initial Problem Definition | |
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| Clarity of the Research Hypotheses | |
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| Statistical Analysis Procedures | |
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| Theoretical Basis and Operational Definitions | |
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| Adequacy of the Independent Variable Manipulation | |
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| Adequacy of Dependent Measures | |
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| Are All Controls in Place? | |
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| Participants | |
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| Preparation of the Setting | |
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| Adequacy of Participant Preparation, Instruction, and Procedures | |
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| Random Numbers | |
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| Answers to Quick-Check Review Questions | |
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| Meta-Analysis | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |