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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach | |
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| Blindsight | |
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| Split Brains | |
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| Unilateral Neglect | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| The Nature of Psysiological Psychology | |
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| The Goals of Research | |
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| Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Natural Selection and Evolution | |
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| Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits | |
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| Evolution of the Human Species | |
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| Evolution of Large Brains | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Ethical Issues in Research with Animals | |
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| Careers in Neuroscience | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Strategies for Learning | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System | |
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| Cells of the Nervous System | |
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| Neurons | |
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| Supporting Cells | |
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| The Blood-Brain Barrier | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Communication within a Neuron | |
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| Neural Communication: An Overview | |
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| Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons | |
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| The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces | |
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| The Action Potential | |
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| Conduction of the Action Potential | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Communication between Neurons | |
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| Structure of Synapses | |
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| Release of Neurotransmitter | |
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| Activation of Receptors | |
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| Postsynaptic Potentials | |
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| Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials | |
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| Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration | |
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| Autoreceptors | |
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| Other Types of Synapses | |
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| Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Structure of the Nervous System | |
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| Basic Features of the Nervous System | |
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| An Overview | |
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| Meninges | |
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| The Ventricular System and Production of CSF | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| The Central Nervous System | |
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| Development of the Central Nervous System | |
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| The Forebrain | |
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| The Midbrain | |
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| The Hindbrain | |
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| The Spinal Cord | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| The Peripheral Nervous System | |
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| Spinal Nerves | |
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| Cranial Nerves | |
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| The Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Psychopharmacology | |
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| Principles of Psychopharmacology | |
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| Pharmacokinetics | |
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| Drug Effectiveness | |
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| Effects of Repeated Administration | |
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| Placebo Effects | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Sites of Drug Action | |
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| Effects on Production of | |
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| Neurotransmitters | |
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| Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters | |
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| Effect on Receptors | |
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| Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of | |
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| Neurotransmitter | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators | |
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| Acetylcholine | |
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| The Monoamines | |
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| Amino Acids | |
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| Peptides | |
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| Lipids | |
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| Nucleosides | |
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| Soluble Gases | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additonal Resources | |
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| Methods and Strategies of Research | |
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| Experimental Ablation | |
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| Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage | |
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| Producing Brain Lesions | |
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| Sterotaxic Surgery | |
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| Histological Methods | |
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| Tracing Neural Connections | |
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| Study of the Living Human Brain | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity | |
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| Recording of Neural Activity | |
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| Recording of the Brain's Metabolic and Synaptic Activity | |
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| Measuring the Brain's Secretions | |
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| Stimulating Neural Activity | |
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| Behavioral Effects of Electrical Brain Stimulation | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Neurochemical Methods | |
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| Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals | |
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| Localizing Particular Receptors | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Genetic Methods | |
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| Twin Studies | |
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| Adoption Studies | |
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| Targeted Mutations | |
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| Antisense Oligonucleotides | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Vision | |
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| The Stimulus Anatomy of the Visual System | |
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| The Eyes | |
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| Photoreceptors | |
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| Connections Between Eye and Brain | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Coding of Visual Information in the Retina | |
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| Coding of Light and Dark | |
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| Coding of Color | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex | |
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| Anatomy of the Striate Cortex | |
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| Orientation and Movement | |
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| Spatial Frequency | |
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| Retinal Disparity | |
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| Color | |
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| Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex | |
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| Two Streams of Visual Analysis | |
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| Perception of Color | |
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| Perception of Form | |
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| Perception of Movement | |
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| Perception of Spatial Location | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Addiitional Resources | |
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| Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses | |
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| Audition | |
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| The Stimulus | |
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| Anatomy of the Ear | |
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| Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information | |
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| The Auditory Pathway | |
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| Perception of Pitch | |
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| Perception of Loudness | |
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| Perception of Timbre | |
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| Perception of Spatial Location | |
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| Perception of Complex Sounds | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Vestibular System | |
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| Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus | |
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| The Receptor Cells | |
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| The Vestibular Pathway | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Somatosenses | |
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| The Stimuli | |
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| Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs | |
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| Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation | |
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| The Somatosensory Pathways | |
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| Perception of Pain | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Gustation | |
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| The Stimuli | |
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| Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells | |
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| Perception of Gustatory Information | |
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| The Gustatory Pathway | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Olfaction | |
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| The Stimulus | |
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| Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus | |
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| Transduction of Olfactory Information | |
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| Perception of Specific Odors | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additonal Resources | |
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| Control of Movement | |
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| Muscles | |
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| Skeletal Muscle | |
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| Smooth Muscle | |
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| Cardiac Muscle | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Reflexive Control of Movement | |
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| The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex | |
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| The Gamma Motor System | |
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| Polysynaptic Reflexes | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Control of Movement by the Brain | |
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| Organization of Motor Cortex | |
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| Initiating, Imitating, and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex | |
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| Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways | |
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| Deficits of Skilled movements: The Apraxias | |
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| The Basal Ganglia | |
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| The Cerebellum | |
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| The Reticular Formation | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Sleep and Biological Rhythms | |
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| A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep | |
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| Stages of Sleep | |
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| Mental Activity During Sleep | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Disorders of Sleep | |
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| Insomnia | |
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| Narcolepsy | |
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| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | |
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| Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Why Do We Sleep? | |
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| Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep | |
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| Functions of REM Sleep | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking | |
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| Chemical Control of Sleep | |
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| Neural Control of Arousal | |
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| Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep | |
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| Neural Control of REM Sleep | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Biological Clocks | |
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| Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers | |
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| The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | |
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| Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin | |
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| Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Reproductive Behahvior | |
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| Sexual Development | |
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| Production of Gametes and Fertilization | |
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| Development of the Sex Organs | |
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| Sexual Maturation | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior | |
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| Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles | |
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| Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals | |
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| Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization | |
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| Effects of Pheromones | |
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| Human Sexual Behavior | |
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| Sexual Orientation | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Neural Control of Sexual Behavior | |
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| Males | |
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| Females | |
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| Formation of Pair Bonds | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Parental Behavior | |
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| Maternal Behavior of Rodents | |
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| Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior | |
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| Neural Control of Maternal Behavior | |
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| Neural Control of Paternal Behavior | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Emotion | |
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| Emotions as Response Patterns | |
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| Fear | |
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| Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control | |
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| Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Communication of Emotions | |
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| Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate | |
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| Responses | |
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| Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition | |
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| Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Feelings of Emotions | |
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| The James-Lange Theory | |
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| Feedback from Simulated Emotions | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Ingestive Behavior | |
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| Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms | |
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| Drinking | |
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| Some Facts about Fluid Balance | |
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| Two Types of Thirst | |
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| Neural Mechanisms of Thirst | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Eating: Some Facts about Metabolism | |
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| Absorption, Fasting, and the Two Nutrient Reservoirs | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| What Starts a Meal? | |
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| Signals from the Environment | |
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| Signals from the Stomach | |
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| Metabolic Signals | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| What Stops a Meal? | |
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| Head Factors | |
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| Gastric Factors | |
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| Intestinal Factors | |
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| Liver Factors | |
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| Insulin | |
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| Long-Term Satity: Signals from Adipose Tissue | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Brain Mechanisms | |
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| Brain Stem | |
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| Hypothalamus | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Eating Disorders | |
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| Obesity | |
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| Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Learning and Memory | |
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| The Nature of Learning | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression | |
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| Induction of Long-Term Potentiation | |
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| Role of NMDA Receptors | |
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| Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity | |
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| Long-Term Depression | |
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| Other Forms of Long-Term Potentiation | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Perceptual Learning | |
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| Learning to Recognize Visual Stimuli | |
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| Perceptual Short-Term Memory | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Classical Conditioning | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Instrumental Conditioning | |
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| Basal Ganglia | |
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| Reinforcement | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Relational Learning | |
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| Human Anterograde Amnesia | |
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| Spared Learning Abilities | |
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| Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories | |
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| Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia | |
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| Role of the Hippocampal Formation in | |
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| Consolidation of Declarative Memories | |
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| Episodic and Semantic Memories | |
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| Spatial Memory | |
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| Confabulation: Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Evaluating the Accuracy of Memories | |
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| Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals | |
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| Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Memory Consolidation | |
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| Role of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Learning | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Human Communication | |
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| Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms | |
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| Lateralization | |
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| Speech Production | |
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| Speech Comprehension | |
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| Aphasia in Deaf Peole | |
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| The Bilingual Brain | |
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| Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech | |
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| Stuttering | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Disorders of Reading and Writing | |
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| Relation to Aphasia | |
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| Pure Alexia | |
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| Toward an Understanding of Reading | |
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| Toward and Understanding of Writing | |
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| Developmental Dyslexias | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Neurological Disorders | |
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| Tumors | |
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| Seizure Disorders | |
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| Cerebrovascular Accidents | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Disorders of Development | |
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| Toxic Chemicals | |
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| Inherited Metabolic Disorders | |
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| Down Syndrome | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Degenerative Disorders | |
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| Transmissible Spongiform | |
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| Encephalopathies | |
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| Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Huntington's Disease | |
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| Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | |
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| Multiple Sclerosis | |
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| Korsakoff's Syndrome | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders | |
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| Schizophrenia | |
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| Description | |
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| Heritability | |
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| Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis | |
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| Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Major Affective Disorders | |
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| Description | |
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| Heritability | |
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| Physiological Treatments | |
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| Role of Monoamines | |
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| Evidence for Brain Abnormalities | |
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| Role of the 5-HT Transporter | |
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| Role of Circadian Rhythms | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders | |
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| Anxiety Disorders | |
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| Panic Disorder | |
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| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Autistic Disorder | |
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| Description | |
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| Possible Causes | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | |
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| Description | |
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| Possible Causes | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Stress Disorders | |
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| Physiology of the Stress Response | |
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| Health Effects of Long-Term Stress | |
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| Effects of Stress on the Brain | |
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| Psychoneuroimmunology | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Drug Abuse | |
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| Common Features of Addiction | |
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| A Little Background | |
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| Physical Versus Psychological Addiction | |
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| Positive Reinforcement | |
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| Negative Reinforcement | |
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| Tolerance and Withdrawal | |
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| Craving and Relapse | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Commonly Abused Drugs | |
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| Opiates | |
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| Stimulant Drugs: Cocaine and Amphetamine | |
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| Nicotine | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Cannabis | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Heredity and Drug Abuse | |
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| Heritability Studies of Humans | |
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| Animal Models of Drug Abuse | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Therapy for Drug Abuse | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |